Table 6.
Anti-inflammatory properties of propolis inpathogenic infections.
| Geographical Sources of Propolis | Types of Extract | Bioactive Compounds | Measured Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Alcoholic, glycolic, water-soluble dry extract | Caffeic acid, p-Coumaric acid, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, Cinnamic acid, Aromadendrin, Drupanin, Artepillin C, Baccharin | Propolis reduced, in a dose-dependent effect, the viability of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes and helped controlled the parasite burden inside the infected macrophages. Dry propolis extract significantly modified the inflammatory profile of murine macrophages by reducing the TGF-β and IL-10 production, while upregulating TNF-α. All three types of propolis extract reduced nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide levels in activated L. braziliensis-infected macrophages. | [140] |
| Brazil | Hydroethanolicextract | Not determined | Ex vivo Human-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells from American Tegumentar Leishmaniasis (ATL) patients and healthy donors, challenged by Leishmania braziliensis. Propolis did not reduce the expression of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 in the adherent cells of the healthy donors and ATL patients. When adherent cells from healthy donors were infected with Leishmania braziliensis, propolis pre-treatment increased the expression of IL-6, IL-17, and reduced the expression of IL-10. |
[141] |
| Brazil | Ethanolic extract | Caffeoyltartaric acid, 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, 20 gibberellin A7, A9 and A20 |
Brazilian organic propolis (BOP) has strong anti-inflammatory effects and acts by reducing NF-kB activation, TNF-α release and neutrophil migration. It exhibited antifungal activity on planktonic and biofilm cultures of Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsisolis, and it reduced in vitro yeast cell adhesion to human keratinocytes at sub-inhibitory concentrations. BOP demonstrated significantly low toxicity in Galleria melonella larvae at antifungal doses. | [142] |
| Iraq | Hydroethanolic extraction followed dissolution in 8% L-lysine | Not determined | Propolis reduced the expression of IL-1β and NLRC4 inflammasome through activation of autophagy following P. aeruginosa infection. | [143] |
| Korea | Ethanolic extract | Korean propolis decreased the levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines—IL-8, IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α, in a dose-dependent manner.It dose-dependently inhibited the expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA and protein expression induced by H. pylori infection. It also attenuated the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs in H. pylori-infected AGS cells in a dose-dependent manner. It significantly inhibited the NF-κBsignaling pathway in H. pylori-infected AGS cells by suppressing IκBα phosphorylation. It not only had radical scavenging activity, which significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner but also upregulated the protein and mRNA expression of anti-oxidant enzymes, such as HO-1, NQO1, GCLM, and SOD1 dose-dependently. Korean propolis increased the promoter binding activity of Nrf2 to the anti-oxidant relative. |
[144] | |
| In vivo | ||||
| Algeria | Ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) | Not determined | The concentration of serum TNF-α in the cystic echinococcosis (CE) mice group was significantly reduced after receiving EEP orally, and levels were remarkably similar to those in the Control group. In the spleen of CE mice, there was a significantly elevated iNOS, TNF-α, and NF-κB/p50 immunoreactivity; however, following propolis therapy, this immunoreactivity significantly decreased. |
[145] |
| Egypt | Ethanol Propolis Extract | Not determined | All BHV-1-infected groups had higher blood and cellular levels of TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ after receiving propolis extracts at 50 µg/mL for seven days following inoculation. | [146] |
| Egypt | Used in powder form as a dietary supplement | Not determined | Dietary PR supplementation was able to (p < 0.05) reduce the negative impact of E. coli challenge on egg number, egg weight and feed intake by 20%, 7% and 18%, respectively, compared to the laying hens fed on basal diet and challenged with E. coli. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) was noticed in TNF-α by 13% and in both IL-1β and plasma corticosterone by 37%. Dietary PR minimized (p < 0.05) the elevation of MDA concentration induced by E. coli challenge by 45% in PR + EC group and retuned back to the normal level compared to control. Data also showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the antioxidant status by increasing the concentration of TAC and SOD, by 84% and 20%, respectively, compared to C group. Total white blood cells (TWBCs) were reduced (p < 0.05) by 15.8%, while heterophile/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was increased (p < 0.05) by 1.8 folds in PR + EC groups. The lymphocyte proliferation of T-cells was suppressed (p < 0.05) by 29.5% and B-cell proliferation was inhibited (p < 0.05) by 15.8%, in PR+EC group. PR supplementation caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) of villi height. PR significantly (p < 0.05) increased call viability (CV)% by 40% compared to C group. PR also normalized the Foxo3 expression to similar levels of the C group | [147] |
| Saudi Arabia | Hydromethanolic extract | Not determined | Plasmodium chabaudi infection model in mice. Propolis reduced oxidative damage by downregulating the malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing the catalase (CAT) activity and the glutathione (GSH) levels. Propolis appeared to increase the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF and G-CSF. | [148] |
| Not determined | Ethanolic extract | Not determined | In anthrax animal models, propolis reduced the TNF-α expression. | [149] |