Table 2.
Combination of welding parameters yielding different types of deposition characteristics for WAAM optimization.
| Sample | Welding Speed, v0 [mm/s] |
Current Strength, IW [A] |
Welding Voltage, U [V] |
Wire Feed Rate, vw [m/min] |
Wall Thickness, dw [mm] |
Avg. Layer Height, havg [mm] |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | 10 | 96 | 12.7 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 1.6 | Corrugated Wall |
| A2 | 10 | 80 | 12.4 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 1.8 | Corrugated Wall |
| A3 | 10 | 59 | 11.5 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 1.7 | Flat wall |
| A4 | 10 | 40 | 10.8 | 2.6 | – | – | Poor Remelting |
| B1 | 8 | 96 | 12.7 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 1.6 | Sitting Ends |
| B2 | 8 | 80 | 12.4 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 2.0 | Wavy Wall, Sowing End |
| B3 | 8 | 59 | 11.5 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 1.9 | Flat Wall, Even Ends |
| B4 | 8 | 40 | 10.8 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 1.6 | Poor Remelting |
| B5 | 8 | 73 | 12.1 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 1.8 | Flat Wall, No Settling |
| C1 | 6 | 96 | 12.7 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 2.2 | Sitting Ends |
| C2 | 6 | 80 | 12.4 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 2.2 | Sitting Ends |
| C3 | 6 | 59 | 11.5 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 2.2 | Corrugated Wall |
| C4 | 6 | 40 | 10.8 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 1.8 | Poor Remelting |