Table 1.
Association of adipokine levels with obesity and associated diseases.
| Obesity-Associated Diseases | Study Design | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Obesity | Study of the adiponectin/leptin ratio (AdipoQ/Lep) as a biomarker of adipose tissue and metabolic function in obese individuals without diabetes. | Lower AdipoQ/Lep correlated with higher BMI, body fat mass, waist-to-height ratio, and plasma resistin and may, therefore, be an early marker for the development of insulin resistance in obese adults [128]. |
| Study of resistin levels in obese Nigerian Africans. | The resistin concentration was higher in obese individuals [129]. | |
| Study in control vs. obese women at baseline and after 12 weeks of following the Mediterranean diet. | Serum leptin levels were higher in obese women and weight loss was associated with a decrease in serum leptin [125]. | |
| Coronary artery disease | Study of patients with coronary artery disease with isolation of adipocytes from subcutaneous, perivascular, and epicardial adipose tissue. | Decreased expression and secretion of the adiponectin gene in epicardial adipose tissue, and high level of leptin gene expression [130]. |
| Study of adipokine levels in individuals with coronary artery calcium progression. | Higher leptin levels were associated with coronary artery calcium progression; no association was observed for resistin and adiponectin [131]. | |
| Study of anthropometric and echocardiographic parameters and adipokine levels in Caucasian patients. | Adiponectin and resistin, but not leptin, were associated with echocardiographic parameters of cardiac remodeling and dysfunction [132]. | |
| NAFLD | Study of adipokine levels in obese/overweight children and their association with the degree of hepatosteatosis. | Levels of leptin, omentin-1, and adiponectin were higher in the obese group and increased with a higher degree of hepatosteatosis [133]. |
| Study of adipokines in patients without NAFLD, with steatosis and with NAFLD. | Lower plasma levels of adiponectin were associated with the presence and severity of NAFLD [134]. | |
| Diabetes | Study of the factors associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes, including serum adiponectin. | In women, unlike men, a decrease in the level of adiponectin was the only significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes [135]. |
| Study of the level of leptin as a biomarker for the development of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. | Higher serum leptin levels were found in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome [136]. | |
| Study of the relationship of adipokines in patients with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. | The decrease in adiponectin levels and the increase in leptin, visfatin, and chemerin were more significant as BMI increased in patients with type 2 diabetes; no association of resistin with type 2 diabetes was found [41]. | |
| Arterial hypertension | Study of resistin levels in patients with and without arterial hypertension. | The level of resistin did not differ significantly between patients with and without arterial hypertension [137]. |
| Study of the adiponectin–resistin index as a marker of hypertension in obese patients. | The adiponectin–resistin index was strongly associated with an increased risk of obesity-related hypertension [138]. | |
| Study of the relationship between leptin levels and arterial hypertension as a complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | Leptin levels in patients with arterial hypertension and in patients with type 2 diabetes were higher than in the group without hypertension [139]. |