Table 2.

Preparations modulating circulating adipokine levels.

Intervention	Study Design	Effects
Metformin [143,144]	Individuals with metabolic syndrome without restriction in age treated with a dose of 500–3000 mg/day for 3–12 months (several studies included in systematic review)	↑ adiponectin ↓ leptin ↓ resistin ↓ visfatin
Dapagliflozin [146]	Patients with type 2 diabetes and class 3 obesity, 10 mg/day over a 12-month treatment period	↓ leptin n/a adiponectin
Vildagliptin [147]	Women with obesity and type 2 diabetes, 50 mg twice/day over a 30-day treatment period	↓ DPP4 ↑ adiponectin
Pioglitazone [148]	Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, 45 mg/day with 6 months of administration	↑ adiponectin n/a leptin
PUFAs [150]	Patients with type 2 diabetes, >8 weeks of treatment	↑ adiponectin ↓ leptin
Lactobacillus probiotic [151]	Subjects with BMI of 25–30 kg/m2 on a diet including 4 × 109 colony-forming units of L. plantarum for 12 weeks	↓ leptin
Statins [153]	Studies included in systematic review, statin administration for >2 weeks at the following doses: atorvastatin, 10–80 mg/day; simvastatin, 10–40 mg/day; rosuvastatin, 2.5–10 mg/day; pravastatin, 10–40 mg/day; pitavastatin, 2 mg/day	↑ adiponectin
Telmisartan [156]	Patients with arterial hypertension combined with obesity, 80 mg/day, 12-week treatment period	↑ adiponectin
Perindopril [157]	Overweight or obese patients with hypertension, 10 mg/day, 24-week treatment period	↓ leptin

n/a, not affected; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; PUFAs, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.