Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of cHF patients and reference subjects in the miRNA selection.
| cHF n = 28 |
Reference Subjects n = 16 |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics; mean ± SD | |||
| Male/Female, n | 14/14 | 10/6 | 0.423 |
| Age, years | 69 ± 12 | 67 ± 8 | 0.222 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 119 ± 20 | 140 ± 17 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75 ± 11 | 79± 11 | 0.191 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction,% | 43 ± 20 | 52–74 * | - |
| Clinical History; n (%) | |||
| cHF aetiology | |||
| Ischaemic | 7 (25) | - | - |
| Non-ischaemic | 21 (75) | - | - |
| Hypertensive cardiomyopathy | 7 (25) | - | - |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 7 (25) | - | - |
| Heart valve disease | 7 (25) | - | - |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 0 (0) | - | - |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | |||
| HFpEF | 14 (50) | - | - |
| HFrEF | 14 (50) | - | - |
| New York Heart Association cHF stage | |||
| NYHA I | 0 (0) | - | - |
| NYHA II | 11 (39.2) | - | - |
| NYHA III | 17 (60.7) | - | - |
| NYHA IV | 0 (0) | - | - |
| Risk factors; n (%) | |||
| Smokers | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
| Hypertension | 18 (64.2) | 10 (62.5) | 0.906 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 18 (64.2) | - | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14 (50) | 2 (12.5) | 0.013 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 14 (50) | 13 (81.2) | 0.041 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12 (42.8) | 0 (0) | 0.002 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 11 (39.2) | - | |
| Background medication; n (%) | |||
| Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors | 13 (46.4) | 8 (50) | 0.820 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 10 (35.7) | 3 (18.7) | 0.235 |
| Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors | 4 (14.20) | - | |
| Beta-blockers | 24 (85.7) | 1 (6.2) | 0.000 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 18 (64.2) | - | |
| Diuretics | 26 (92.8) | 1 (6.2) | 0.000 |
| Ivabradine | 3 (10.7) | - | - |
| Statins | 19 (67.8) | 12 (75) | 0.617 |
| Insulin | 4 (14.2) | 1 (6.2) | 0.419 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs | 10 (35.7) | 2 (12.5) | 0.096 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 7 (25) | 5 (31.2) | 0.654 |
| Anticoagulants | 16 (57.1) | 0 (0) | 0.000 |
| Anti-arrhythmic drugs | 6 (21.4) | - | - |
cHF: chronic heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SD: standard deviation. Numbers in bold indicate statistical significance. * LVEF normal range (excerpted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459131/, on 18 January 2021).