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. 2022 Nov 23;23(23):14601. doi: 10.3390/ijms232314601

Figure 4.

Figure 4

E3s are hijacked to regulate host antiviral responses via selective autophagy. E3s catalyze the ubiquitylation of substrates that are to be bound by autophagy receptors (e.g., NDP52 and p62) and then degrade the substrates via the ALP (e.g., RNF34 and TRM21). E3s also promote the occurrence of mitochondrial autophagy to degrade the mitochondrial protein (e.g., RNF34 and Parkin). except for host protein, E3s also directly or indirectly target ubiquitin virus proteins that interact with autophagy receptors and then degrade via the ALP (e.g., RNF34). HERC5 can promote the ISGylation of TRIM21 to inhibit the K63-linked polyubiquitylation of p62, thereby suppressing the ALP.