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. 2022 Nov 30;23(23):15010. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315010

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Bio-pulsed avian-derived mesenchymal stem cell (AMSC)-sEVs enhanced cell proliferation and wound healing. (A) The cell proliferation of human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) and human follicle dermal papilla cells was significantly augmented after treatment with bio-pulsed AMSC-sEVs for 4 days. (n = 12, data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; *** p < 0.001, compared with the 0 μg/mL group; ### p < 0.001, compared with the control AMSC-sEV group). (B) Bio-pulsed AMSC-sEVs enhanced wound healing compared with control AMSC-sEVs in HSFs after treatment for 24 h. (n = 4, data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; *** p < 0.001, compared with the # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, compared with the control AMSC-sEVs group).