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. 2022 Nov 25;11(23):6955. doi: 10.3390/jcm11236955

Table 1.

Trial characteristics.

Study Nation Surgical Procedure Intraoperative Analgesic Regimen Sample Size
OFA vs. OBA		 Primary Outcome Secondary Outcome
OBA OFA
Bello, 2019 [16] France Open thoracotomy TEA Remifentanil Ketamine TEA
Ketamine		 25 vs. 50 Ropivacaine cumulative administration during the first 48 h post-operatively
  • -

    NRS at 6, 24 and 48 h

  • -

    Number of patients with NRS > 4

  • -

    Morphine consumption in PACU

  • -

    Total opioid at 48 h

  • -

    PONV

  • -

    Intraoperative hypertension (SBP > 150 mmHg)

  • -

    Vasopressors

  • -

    Postoperative complication
Clark, 2022 [20] USA Minimally invasive lobectomy NR INB or SAPB
Acetominophen Gabapentin		 102 vs. 211 In-hospital opioid consumption
  • -

    NRS

  • -

    Discharge from the Hospital with opioid

  • -

    Several surgical and medical post-operative outcomes
Devine, 2020 [19] Australia VATS and open thoracotomy SAPB or PVB Fentanyl Remifentanil and/or morphine
paracetamol and parecoxib		 PVB
Lidocaine Magnesium Paracetamol Parecoxib		 83 vs. 104 Postoperative pain scores at 0, 1 and 24 h
  • -

    PCA morphine consumption

  • -

    Recovery LOS

  • -

    Hospital LOS

  • -

    In hospital mortality

  • -

    Thirty-day mortality
An, 2021 [21] China VATS PVB Sufentanil
Remifentanil		 PVB
Dexmedetomidine
Ketorolac		 49 vs. 48 Intraoperative PTI
  • -

    Wavelet index

  • -

    Blood glucose

  • -

    MAP, HR, lactic acid
Larue, 2022 [18] France VATS SAPB/ESPB/PVB
Sufentanil
Ketamine Magnesium
Desametasone		 SAPB/ESPB/PVB
Dexmetedonimine
Ketamine Magnesium
Desametasone		 52 vs. 99 Opioid consumption at 48 h Postoperative NRS
Selim, 2021 [17] France VATS or RATS PVB/SAPB
Remifentanil
Ketamine
Nefopam
Ketoprofen		 PVB/SAPB
Dexmedetomidine Lidocaine Ketamine Nefopam Ketoprofen Paracetamol		 48 vs. 33 Postoperative consumption of morphine within the first 48 h
  • -

    NRS 3, 24, 48 h

  • -

    Non opioids cumulative consumption

OFA: Opiod free anestesia; OBA: opiod based anesthesia; TEA: thoracic epidural analgesia; NRS: numerical rating scale; h:hours; PACU: post anesthesia care unit; PONV: Postoperative nausea and vomiting; SBP: systolic blood pressure; INB: intercostal nerve block; SAPB: serratus anterior plane block; VATS: video-assisted thoracic surgery; PVB: paravertebral block; PCA: patient controlled analgesia; LOS: length of stay; PTI: pain threshold index; MAP: mean arterial pressure; HR: heart rate; ESPB:erector spinae plane block; RATS: robotic-assisted thoracic surgery.