Table 3.

All reviewed studies investigating the effects of DR in Epilepsy. N/A: relevant data not reported; n/s: relevant data not significant; PTZ: pentylenetetrazol; I/O: input/output; MDA: maximal dentate activation; PS: population spike; EEG: electroencephalogram; MES: maximal electroshock.

1 Epilepsy Animal Studies
Model Organism	Model Organism	Dietary Intervention	Seizure Test	Seizure Findings	Reference
Sprague-Dawley rats	5-weeks male	50% CR, 35% CR, 10% CR, & KD (90%CR) for 20 days	PTZ administered until seizure	↑ seizure threshold (KD = 50% CR)	Eagles et al. 2003 [117]
Sprague-Dawley rats	5-weeks male	15% CR & KD (15% CR) for 28 days	hippocampal electrophysiology: I/O; paired pulse; MDA	↓ PS amplitude (CR&KD); ↑ MDA threshold (CR&KD); MDA latency ↑ CR ↓ KD; ↓ SD events (CR&KD)	Bough et al. 2003 [115]
Wistar rats	3-weeks male	15% CR for 30 days	amygdala electrophysiology: electrical kindling	↑ after-discharge threshold	Phillips-Farfan et al. 2015 [120]
Wistar rats	8-weeks male	TRF (2 h/d) for 20 days	lithium-pilocarpine	↓ seizure score; ↑ seizure latency; ↓ EEG power	Landgrave-Gomez et al. 2016 [119]
EL mice	4 & 10-weeks male & female	30% CR, 15% CR, & KD for 10 weeks	handling induced stress	seizures (↓ 30%CR > ↓ KD)	Greene et al. 2001 [113]
EL mice	10-weeks female	42% CR & KD (48% CR) for 10 weeks	handling induced stress	↓ seizures (CR = KD)	Mantis et al. 2004 [114]
NIH Swiss mice	3–4 weeks male	12 days of ADF & KD (wt. adjusted)	6 Hz test, kainic acid, MES, & PTZ	6 Hz threshold (↓ ADF ↑ KD); kainic acid seizures (↓ ADF); MES threshold (↓ ADF ↑ KD);	Hartman et al. 2010 [116]
Depdc5cc+ mice and littermate control mice	6–9 weeks male & female	24-h fasting	PTZ consistent dose	↑ seizures (Depdc5cc+)	Yuskaitis et al. 2022 [118]
2 Epilepsy Human Studies
Patient Population	Age & Sex	Dietary Interventions		Clinical Findings	Reference
children with drug-resistant epilepsy	1–14 male & female	24–48 h fast (n = 24), or gradual initiation (n = 24) before 3 months of KD		↓ seizure frequency (both); ↓ time to ketosis (FAST-KD)	Bergqvist et al. 2005 [126]
children with drug-resistant epilepsy on KD (prospective study)	2–7 male & female	5:2 partial IF (n = 6) during KD for 3 weeks-6 months		n/s	Hartman et al. 2013 [125]
adults with drug-resistant epilepsy	age 18–57 male & female	MAD (n = 22) or unchanged diet (n = 32) for 2 months		↓ seizure frequency (MAD)	Zare et al. 2017 [127]
children with drug resistant epilepsy	age 1–15 male & female	KD (n = 55), MAD (n = 58), LGIT (n = 57) for 24 weeks		seizure frequency: ↓ 66% KD, ↓ 24% MAD, ↓ 54% LGIT	Sondhi et al. 2020 [128]