Table 2.
Effects and mechanisms of pectin on postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels with animal subjects.
| Subject | Reference | Effect | Mechanisms | Term of Ingestion | Pectin Information | Pectin Dosage or Concentration | Diet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal Experiments | |||||||
| Swiss albino mice; 30 g | [38] | flattening pBGL * | form gel; increase viscosity; affect gastric emptying | single intake | LM-pectin with structural information | 2% in solution | chow diet containing 5% lipid, 14% protein and 76% carbohydrate, including 5% dietary fiber (cellulose) |
| health male Sprague Dawley rats | [39] | ↓ pBGL | inhibit enzyme digestion process | single intake | Citrus pectin (Sigma Aldrich P9135) | 5% based on starch dry weight | 1.8 g gelatinized potato starch + 90 mg pectin; 10 mL diet per kg of rat’s body weight |
| Zucker fatty rats; 260–275 g | [40] | ↓ fBGL | form gel and increase viscosity | long term intake | HM 73% apple pectin | 10% wt% | 10% pectin + protein (14%), fat (4%), and carbohydrates (72%) |
| alloxan-induced diabetic rats | [41] | ↓ fBGL | increase viscosity | 5 days | passion fruit pectin | 0.5–25 mg/kg orally | - |
| alloxan induced diabetes Male ICR mice; 20 g | [42] | ↓ pBGL | amylase inhibitory (assumed) | single intake | puerh tea pectic polysaccharides | 50 mg/kg of body weight | soluble starch (2 g/kg BW) alone |
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats | [43] | ↓ Glucose absorption | increase viscosity; affect the unstirred layer in intestines | single intake | Citrus pectin; DE 30% and 90% | 10 mg/mL | perfusions: pH 7.4 + pectin (10 g/L) + glucose 10 mmol/mL, etc. |
| Male ICR STZ induced diabetes mice; 6–8 weeks old; 24 g | [44] | ↓ fBGL | anti-oxidation; stimulating increased insulin secretion | 10 days | ginseng pectin | with WGP (50 mg per kg per day), WGPA (10 mg per kg per day) and WGPN (30 mg per kg per day) | - |
| Genetically diabetic C57BL/Ksj db/db male mice; 5 weeks | [45] | ↓ fBGL | improving hepatic glycogen metabolism | 4 weeks | extracted FPLP | 100 mg kg−1 day−1 (DFL); FPLP 200 mg kg−1 day−1 (DFH) | - |
| ICR alloxan induced diabetic male mice; 20 g; 6–8 weeks | [46] | ↓ fBGL | anti-oxidation | 4 weeks | ginseng pectins | 100 mg/kg of GPW, GPR and GPS, | - |
| Male C57BL/6 J and db/db mice | [47] | ↓ pBGL | increased insulin sensitivity by inhibiting lipid accumulation in the liver | 5 weeks | mushroom pectic polysaccharides | 50 mg/kg | testing solution: glucose solution 2 g/kg; diet (60% cereals, 33% protein and 3% oil) and water |
| Male Wistar rats; 21 days | [48] | ↓ pBGL | increase viscosity: slow diffusion and absorption | 32 days | Apple pomace Orange bagasse Passion fruit peel | ~2% wt in diet | Casein, sucrose, soybean oil, starch, cellulose and by-products |
| 4 horses; 12 yrs; 642 kg | [49] | × pBGL | - | single intake | apple pectin | 0.1 g/kg bodyweight | pellet containing 50% corn starch and 25% apple pectin |
* ↓ represents down regulation; × represents having no effect.