. 2022 Dec 1;14(23):5115. doi: 10.3390/nu14235115

Table 6.

Association between total dairy products, total milk, whole or skim milk, and yogurt intake and incidences of some major chronic diseases/mortality of major disease groups (RR, 95% C.I.). The dose-response meta-analysis always refers to an additional serving of a food per day relative to the average intake of that food observed in a cohort study (200 g for total dairy products and yogurt, 200 mL for total milk, whole milk, and skim milk).

Health Outcomes	Unit of Intake	RR (95% C.I.)	N° of Prospective Studies	References
Total Dairy Products
All-cause mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	1.03 (0.98–1.07)	27	[114]
	Highest vs. Lowest	/	33	[169]
	Dose-Response	0.98 (0.93–1.03)	16 /	[114] [115]
	Dose-Response	0.99 (0.97–1.01)	20	[169]
Total CVDs mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	0.93 (0.88–0.98)	16	[169]
Total CVDs mortality	Dose-Response	0.98 (0.96–1.00)	13	[169]
CHD	Highest vs. Lowest	0.91 (0.82–1.00)	11	[130]
	Highest vs. Lowest	/	13	[118]
	Dose-Response	/	10 /	[118] [115]
Stroke	Highest vs. Lowest	0.79 (0.75–0.82)	7	[130]
	Highest vs. Lowest	0.96 (0.90–1.01)	12	[118]
	Dose-Response	0.98 (0.96–1.00)	11 /	[118] [115]
HBP	Highest vs. Lowest	0.89 (0.86–0.93)	9	[120]
HBP	Dose-Response	0.95 (0.94–0.97)	9	[120]
CHF	Highest vs. Lowest	/	3	[118]
CHF	Dose-Response	1.08 (1.01–1.15)	1	[118]
T2D	Highest vs. Lowest	0.89 (0.84–0.89)	11	[121]
	Highest vs. Lowest	0.92 (0.86–0.97)	4	[130]
	Dose-Response	0.96 (0.94–0.99)	/ 21	[115] [122]
Overweight/Obesity	Highest vs. Lowest	/	6	[123]
Overweight/Obesity	Dose-Response	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	5	[123]
MetS	Highest vs. Lowest	0.75 (0.66–0.84)	12	[168]
MetS	Dose-Response	0.91 (0.85–0.96)	9	[168]
Total cancer mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	1.03 (0.98–1.07)	19	[169]
Total cancer mortality	Dose-Response	/	9	[169]
Total cancer incidence	Highest vs. Lowest	0.95 (0.90–1.00)	/	[90]
Total cancer incidence	Dose-Response	No data
CRC	Highest vs. Lowest	0.83 (0.76–0.89)	18	[124]
	Dose-Response	0.93 (0.91–0.94)	15 /	[124] [115]
	Dose-Response	0.87 (0.83–0.90)	10	[125]
Breast cancer	Highest vs. Lowest	0.90 (0.83–0.98)	16	[170]
Breast cancer	Dose-Response	0.97 (0.95–0.99) ^a	/	[170]
Gastric cancer	Highest vs. Lowest	/	3	[128]
Gastric cancer	Dose-Response	No data
Total Milk
All-cause Mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	/	27	[169]
All-cause Mortality	Dose-Response	1.03 (0.99–1.06)	16	[169]
Total CVDs mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	/	15	[169]
Total CVDs mortality	Dose-Response	/	9	[169]
CHD	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
CHD	Dose-Response	No data
Stroke	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Stroke	Dose-Response	No data
HBP	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
HBP	Dose-Response	No data
CHF	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
CHF	Dose-Response	No data
T2D	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
T2D	Dose-Response	/	10	[122]
Overweight/Obesity	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Overweight/Obesity	Dose-Response	No data
MetS	Highest vs. Lowest	0.78 (0.69–0.87)	7	[168]
MetS	Dose-Response	0.87 (0.79–0.95)	6	[168]
Total cancer mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	/	13	[169]
Total cancer mortality	Dose-Response	1.03 (0.99–1.06)	8	[169]
Total cancer incidence	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Total cancer incidence	Dose-Response	No data
CRC	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
CRC	Dose-Response	0.94 (0.92–0.96)	9	[125]
Breast cancer	Highest vs. Lowest	0.94 (0.86–1.03)	/	[170]
	Highest vs. Lowest	0.92 (0.84–1.02)	18	[127]
	Dose-Response	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	11	[127]
	Dose-Response	/	/	[170]
Gastric cancer	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Gastric cancer	Dose-Response	No data
Whole milk (w) and skim milk (s)
All-cause mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	1.15 (1.09–1.20) (W)	9	[169]
	Highest vs. Lowest	/(S)	8
	Dose-Response	1.10 (1.00–1.21) (W)	6
	Dose-Response	/(S)	6
Total CVDs mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	1.09 (1.02–1.16) (W)	5	[169]
	Highest vs. Lowest	/(S)	4
	Dose-Response	/(W)	4
	Dose-Response	/(S)	4
CHD	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
CHD	Dose-Response	No data
Stroke	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Stroke	Dose-Response	No data
HBP	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
HBP	Dose-Response	No data
CHF	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
CHF	Dose-Response	No data
T2D	Highest vs. Lowest	0.87 (0.78–0.96) (W)	7	[121]
	Highest vs. Lowest	No data (S)
	Dose-Response	/(W) /(S)	9 7	[122]
Overweight/Obesity	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Overweight/Obesity	Dose-Response	No data
MetS	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
MetS	Dose-Response	No data
Total cancer mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	1.17 (1.08–1.28) (W)	7	[169]
	Highest vs. Lowest	/(S)	7
	Dose-Response	1.13 (1.01–1.28) (W)	6
	Dose-Response	/(S)	6
Total cancer incidence	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Total cancer incidence	Dose-Response	No data
CRC	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
CRC	Dose-Response	No data
Breast cancer	Highest vs. Lowest	/(W)	7 9	[170] [127]
		0.93 (0.84–1.02) (S)	6	[170]
		0.93 (0.85–1.00) (S)	8	[127]
	Dose-Response	/(W)	5
	Dose-Response	0.96 (0.92–1.00) (S)	5
Gastric cancer	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Gastric cancer	Dose-Response	No data
Yogurt
All-cause mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
All-cause mortality	Dose-Response	No data
Total CVDs mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Total CVDs mortality	Dose-Response	No data
CHD	Highest vs. Lowest	/	5	[171]
CHD	Dose-Response	No data
Stroke	Highest vs. Lowest	/	5	[171]
Stroke	Dose-Response	No data
HBP	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
HBP	Dose-Response	No data
CHF	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
CHF	Dose-Response	No data
T2D	Highest vs. Lowest	0.83 (0.70–0.98)	7	[121]
T2D	Dose-Response	0.94 (0.91–0.98)	11	[122]
Overweight/Obesity	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Overweight/Obesity	Dose-Response	No data
MetS	Highest vs. Lowest	0.77 (0.66–0.88)	3	[168]
MetS	Dose-Response	0.82 (0.73–0.91)	3	[168]
Total cancer mortality	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Total cancer mortality	Dose-Response	No data
Total cancer incidence	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Total cancer incidence	Dose-Response	No data
CRC	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
CRC	Dose-Response	No data
Breast cancer	Highest vs. Lowest	0.91 (0.83–0.99)	7	[170]
	Highest vs. Lowest	0.90 (0.82–1.00)	5	[127]
	Dose-Response	/	3	[127]
Gastric cancer	Highest vs. Lowest	No data
Gastric cancer	Dose-Response	No data

^a Serving/day compared with no dairy product consumption.