Table 3.
Means, standard deviations, F value for treatment by time interaction and significance values from MMRMA analysis for mood outcomes at baseline and 12 weeks for active and placebo groups.
| Active | Placebo | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Task | Subgroup | n | Baseline M (SD) |
12 Weeks M (SD) |
Δ | n | Baseline M (SD) |
12 Weeks M (SD) |
Δ | F | p |
| Perceived Stress Scale | All | 70 | 11.39 (5.82) | 11.98 (6.45) | 0.59 | 71 | 11.35 (5.93) | 11.23 (6.15) | −0.12 | 0.26 | 0.611 |
| Optimal | 35 | 10.77 (6.15) | 10.89 (5.70) | 0.12 | 39 | 10.85 (6.12) | 11.10 (6.25) | 0.25 | 0.33 | 0.569 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 12.00 (5.50) | 13.07 (7.05) | 1.07 | 32 | 11.97 (5.73) | 11.38 (6.15) | −0.59 | 1.22 | 0.273 | |
| DASS Total | All | 70 | 6.27 (6.79) | 6.93 (6.80) | 0.66 | 71 | 5.96 (5.47) | 5.28 (6.80) | −0.68 | 0.81 | 0.371 |
| Optimal | 35 | 5.97 (6.69) | 5.93 (6.93) | −0.04 | 39 | 5.90 (5.88) | 4.48 (4.25) | −1.42 | 0.01 | 0.927 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 6.57 (6.98) | 7.93 (6.65) | 1.36 | 32 | 6.03 (5.02) | 6.14 (8.75) | 0.11 | 1.36 | 0.247 | |
| DASS Stress | All | 70 | 3.26 (3.19) | 3.55 (3.42) | 0.29 | 71 | 3.00 (2.69) | 2.62 (3.06) | −0.38 | 0.96 | 0.329 |
| Optimal | 35 | 3.00 (3.08) | 2.68 (3.14) | −0.32 | 39 | 3.03 (2.84) | 2.29 (2.19) | −0.74 | 0.01 | 0.961 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 3.51 (3.33) | 4.43 (3.51) | 0.92 | 32 | 2.97 (2.53) | 2.97 (3.79) | 0.00 | 2.04 | 0.159 | |
| DASS Anxiety | All | 70 | 1.06 (1.65) | 1.45 (1.72) | 0.39 | 71 | 0.85 (1.67) | 0.88 (1.67) | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.685 |
| Optimal | 35 | 1.14 (1.65) | 1.50 (1.93) | 0.36 | 39 | 1.05 (1.99) | 0.84 (1.13) | −0.21 | 0.06 | 0.816 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 0.97 (1.67) | 1.39 (1.50) | 0.42 | 32 | 0.59 (1.16) | 0.93 (2.12) | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.796 | |
| DASS Depression | All | 70 | 1.96 (2.88) | 1.93 (2.88) | −0.03 | 71 | 2.11 (2.46) | 1.78 (2.92) | −0.33 | 0.31 | 0.582 |
| Optimal | 35 | 1.83 (2.77) | 1.75 (3.09) | −0.08 | 39 | 1.82 (2.14) | 1.35 (2.04) | −0.47 | 0.01 | 0.973 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 2.09 (3.02) | 1.39 (1.50) | −0.70 | 32 | 2.47 (2.81) | 2.24 (3.62) | −0.23 | 0.84 | 0.362 | |
| POMS Total Mood Disturbance | All | 70 | 7.46 (25.09) | 5.38 (24.26) | −2.08 | 71 | 3.58 (21.30) | −0.87 (18.07) | −4.45 | 0.00 | 0.999 |
| Optimal | 35 | 3.57 (23.63) | −1.18 (22.28) | −4.75 | 39 | 1.69 (23.96) | −3.03 (17.60) | −4.72 | 1.18 | 0.282 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 11.34 (26.23) | 11.93 (24.77) | 0.59 | 32 | 5.88 (17.64) | 1.45 (18.58) | −4.43 | 1.08 | 0.303 | |
| STAI-S (State Anxiety) | All | 70 | 27.87 (7.11) | 27.84 (8.09) | −0.03 | 71 | 28.46 (6.40) | 29.62 (8.55) | 1.16 | 0.91 | 0.341 |
| Optimal | 35 | 28.74 (8.20) | 26.14 (6.91) | −2.60 | 39 | 28.69 (7.35) | 29.68 (8.41) | 0.99 | 6.12 | 0.016 * | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 27.00 (5.80) | 29.54 (8.93) | 2.54 | 32 | 28.19 (5.13) | 29.55 (8.84) | 1.36 | 0.68 | 0.412 | |
| Bond Lader Alertness | All | 70 | 70.87 (16.09) | 71.17 (15.05) | 0.30 | 71 | 71.23 (14.72) | 73.06 (14.65) | 1.83 | 0.00 | 0.989 |
| Optimal | 35 | 70.66 (16.92) | 73.08 (14.26) | 2.42 | 39 | 69.09 (16.36) | 71.43 (14.28) | 2.34 | 0.19 | 0.668 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 71.07 (15.46) | 69.26 (15.83) | −1.81 | 32 | 73.86 (12.18) | 74.80 (15.08) | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.806 | |
| Bond Lader Calmness | All | 70 | 75.42 (14.09) | 71.86 (16.60) | −3.56 | 71 | 72.18 (13.57) | 73.10 (15.16) | 0.92 | 2.04 | 0.155 |
| Optimal | 35 | 75.24 (15.27) | 75.98 (15.45) | 0.74 | 39 | 69.62 (13.45) | 72.50 (13.74) | 2.88 | 0.37 | 0.548 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 75.60 (13.02) | 67.73 (16.94) | −7.87 | 32 | 75.30 (13.27) | 73.74 (16.76) | −1.56 | 1.76 | 0.325 | |
| Bond Lader Contentedness | All | 70 | 78.03 (15.24) | 76.31 (13.81) | −1.72 | 71 | 77.41 (12.83) | 74.95 (14.79) | −2.46 | 0.57 | 0.452 |
| Optimal | 35 | 77.54 (16.25) | 77.33 (14.09) | −0.21 | 39 | 75.64 (13.60) | 74.29 (14.30) | −1.35 | 0.46 | 0.498 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 78.53 (14.38) | 75.29 (13.71) | −3.24 | 32 | 79.58 (11.68) | 75.66 (15.52) | −3.92 | 0.19 | 0.665 | |
| Bond Lader Stress | All | 70 | 20.94 (21.39) | 21.41 (18.77) | 0.47 | 71 | 19.25 (16.52) | 25.25 (19.87) | 6.00 | 1.94 | 0.166 |
| Optimal | 35 | 21.17 (21.61) | 18.93 (17.66) | −2.24 | 39 | 22.95 (18.55) | 27.19 (17.82) | 4.24 | 1.57 | 0.215 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 20.71 (21.47) | 23.89 (19.84) | 3.18 | 32 | 14.75 (12.50) | 23.17 (21.98) | 8.42 | 0.51 | 0.477 | |
| Bond Lader Anxiety | All | 70 | 16.94 (15.37) | 21.36 (19.37) | 4.42 | 71 | 20.35 (18.48) | 24.07 (20.10) | 3.72 | 0.04 | 0.847 |
| Optimal | 35 | 18.37 (17.03) | 16.86 (17.78) | −1.51 | 39 | 23.95 (19.93) | 26.55 (18.35) | 2.60 | 2.85 | 0.097 ^ | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 15.51 (13.60) | 25.86 (20.15) | 10.35 | 32 | 15.97 (15.75) | 21.41 (21.82) | 5.44 | 1.25 | 0.269 | |
| Bond Lader Mental Fatigue | All | 70 | 31.71 (24.10) | 27.84 (19.72) | −3.87 | 71 | 28.83 (21.79) | 28.70 (19.57) | −0.13 | 1.04 | 0.311 |
| Optimal | 35 | 33.91 (25.70) | 24.29 (17.39) | −9.62 | 39 | 31.46 (23.61) | 31.74 (18.96) | 0.28 | 2.89 | 0.094 ^ | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 29.51 (22.55) | 31.39 (21.52) | 1.88 | 32 | 25.63 (19.23) | 25.45 (20.02) | −0.18 | 0.04 | 0.848 | |
| Bond Lader Concentration | All | 70 | 67.80 (19.62) | 65.95 (18.13) | −1.85 | 71 | 69.96 (18.48) | 69.73 (15.94) | −0.23 | 0.04 | 0.847 |
| Optimal | 35 | 65.57 (20.33) | 66.25 (17.94) | 0.68 | 39 | 67.41 (20.39) | 67.71 (15.55) | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.574 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 70.03 (18.92) | 65.64 (18.64) | −4.39 | 32 | 73.06 (15.61) | 71.90 (16.35) | −1.16 | 0.03 | 0.862 | |
| Bond Lader Mental Stamina | All | 70 | 68.30 (19.04) | 65.23 (18.09) | −3.07 | 71 | 68.59 (18.16) | 69.28 (15.69) | 0.69 | 0.45 | 0.506 |
| Optimal | 35 | 66.66 (20.43) | 67.04 (18.28) | 0.38 | 39 | 65.69 (19.63) | 67.77 (14.85) | 2.08 | 0.01 | 0.935 | |
| Sub-Optimal | 35 | 69.94 (17.68) | 63.43 (18.05) | −6.51 | 32 | 72.13 (15.78) | 70.90 (16.65) | −1.23 | 0.53 | 0.469 | |
MMRMA models were controlled for age, gender, education, BMI, BDI-II and brachial blood pressure. Δ indicates mean change between baseline and 12 weeks. F indicates F value for treatment x time interaction. The values presented for Stress Reactivity (STAI-S, Bond Lader scales) are mean scores prior to any cognitive tasks. * p < 0.05, ^ p < 0.10.