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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Aging Ment Health. 2022 Jun 11;27(6):1208–1216. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2084710

Table 1c.

Characteristics of Participants by Quartile of Pessimism Subscale Score (n=7347)

Quartile of Pessimism Subscore
Variable 1 (Lowest) 2 3 4 (Highest) P-Value
Demographic factors
Age (mean, SD) 70.49 (3.83) 70.31 (3.77) 70.49 (3.94) 70.62 (3.86) 0.1468
Race/Ethnicity <.0001
 Black 130 (6.00%) 99 (5.18%) 92 (7.78%) 182 (8.79%)
 Other 82 (3.79%) 83 (4.34%) 56 (4.74%) 201 (9.71%)
 White 1954 (90.2%) 1731 (90.5%) 1034 (87.5%) 1687 (81.5%)
Education > high school 1694 (78.2%) 1424 (74.4%) 809 (68.6%) 1233 (59.6%) <.0001
Medical History
Stroke 29 (1.34%) 30 (1.57%) 18 (1.52%) 45 (2.16%) 0.1827
Cardiovascular Disease 172 (7.93%) 160 (8.36%) 110 (9.30%) 250 (12.0%) <.0001
Hypertension 1029 (47.4%) 932 (48.7%) 597 (50.5%) 1095 (52.6%) 0.0053
Diabetes 141 (6.50%) 145 (7.57%) 97 (8.20%) 234 (11.3%) <.0001
Depression (Burnam; mean, SD) 0.01 (0.06) 0.02 (0.07) 0.03 (0.09) 0.06 (0.16) <.0001
High Cholesterol 352 (16.4%) 358 (18.9%) 224 (19.2%) 386 (18.8%) 0.0945
BMI (mean, SD) 28.07 (5.40) 28.16 (5.58) 28.88 (6.02) 29.14 (5.89) <.0001
Health Behaviors
Smoking 0.0016
 Never Smoked 1132 (52.9%) 969 (51.3%) 620 (53.3%) 1128 (55.0%)
 Past Smoker 850 (39.7%) 812 (43.0%) 463 (39.8%) 753 (36.7%)
 Current Smoker 158 (7.38%) 109 (5.77%) 81 (6.96%) 170 (8.29%)
MET-hours per week from walking 4.45 (5.75) 4.40 (5.64) 4.32 (5.83) 3.75 (5.36) <.0001
HT Arm <.0001
 EPLC 415 (19.1%) 357 (18.6%) 226 (19.1%) 455 (21.9%)
 ERT 392 (18.1%) 334 (17.4%) 234 (19.8%) 473 (22.7%)
 PERT 692 (31.9%) 595 (31.1%) 335 (28.3%) 571 (27.5%)
 PPLC 670 (30.9%) 629 (32.8%) 388 (32.8%) 581 (27.9%)
Region of Country 0.0002
 Northeast 543 (25.0%) 496 (25.9%) 326 (27.6%) 608 (29.2%)
 South 438 (20.2%) 398 (20.8%) 285 (24.1%) 422 (20.3%)
 Midwest 534 (24.6%) 515 (26.9%) 246 (20.8%) 486 (23.4%)
 West 654 (30.2%) 506 (26.4%) 326 (27.6%) 564 (27.1%)

Abbreviations: BMI=Body Mass Index; EPLC=Placebo group for Estrogen alone trial; ERT=E-alone treatment group; HT Arm=hormone therapy randomization arm; LOT-R=Life Orientation Test- Revised; MET= metabolic equivalent; PERT=Estrogen + Progestin treatment group; PPLC=Placebo group for the Estrogen + Progestin trial; SD=standard deviation