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. 2022 Dec 7;18:2867–2880. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S347356

Table 2.

Risk and Protective Factors for Depression in Elderly

Risk Factors Protective Factors
Gender-related factor

  • Being woman40
Physical-related factors

  • Heart disorder13

  • Digestive disorder13

  • Respiratory disorder13

  • Urinary incontinence4

  • Sleep disorder13

  • Impairment of hearing15

  • Abdominal obesity14

  • Metabolic syndrome14

  • Kidney disease15
Psychological-related factors

  • Neuroticism26

  • High level of self-esteem20

  • Resilience21

  • Extroversion26

  • Good emotional regulation24

  • Positive self-perception of aging25

  • Self-efficacy24

  • High sense of control20

  • Positive coping strategy24
Social-related factors

  • Psychological stress in daily life17

  • Loss of social and supportive network20

  • Isolation5,17

  • Low emotional support from family members17

  • Loss of spouse19

  • Take care of relatives with chronic disease18

  • Having hobbies (for men)27

  • Being religious28

  • Physical activity22
Cognitive-related factors

  • Cognitive impairment16

  • Cognitive-reserve23