TABLE 1.
Participant Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Male | 86 | 55.5 |
| Female | 69 | 44.5 |
| Mean age (SD), y | 44.16 | 13.40 |
| Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 23.23 | 2.71 |
| Pain duration in weeks | 20.23 | 2.70 |
| Stage, n () | ||
| 1–3 mo | 83 | 53.5 |
| 3–6 mo | 19 | 12.3 |
| 6 mo–1 y | 30 | 19.4 |
| >1 y | 23 | 14.8 |
| Occupation, n (%) | ||
| Student | 49 | 31.6 |
| Worker | 24 | 15.5 |
| Merchant | 39 | 25.2 |
| Farmer | 25 | 16.1 |
| Retired | 18 | 11.6 |
| Education, n (%) | ||
| Elementary school | 63 | 40.6 |
| Middle school | 19 | 12.3 |
| High school | 37 | 23.9 |
| University | 36 | 23.2 |
| VAS (mm) | 8.48 | 0.50 |
| SC-ODI | 44.80 | 3.53 |
| SC-RM | 12.11 | 8.06 |
| SC-TSK | 25.92 | 5.58 |
| SC-LSIQ | 7.88 | 4.95 |
BMI indicates body mass index; LSIQ, Lumbar Spine Instability Questionnaire; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; RMDQ, Roland-Morris disability questionnaire; SC, simplified Chinese version; TSK, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; VAS, visual analogue scale