Table 2.

Valuables generated from PMS through various treatment methods

Treatment method	Valuable generated	Uses	References
Chemical	Activated carbon and bioactive adsorbent	Solvent recovery, gas refining, air purification, exhaust desulfurization, and deodorization processes	Khalili et al. (2002)
Chemical	Manufacture of fired bricks	High durability bricks	Goel and Kalamdhad (2017)
Mechanical (microfluidization)	Cellulose nanofibrils	Reinforcing nanofillers, biomedicine, optoelectronic devices, sensors, and energy storage devices	Du et al. (2020)
Chemical	Sintered ceramics	Flame tubes, firing trays etc	Asquini et al. (2008)
Supercritical water treatment	Energy generation	Unconventional energy source	Zhang et al. (2010)
Chemical	Wood plastic composite	Composite material	Soucy et al. (2014)
Biological	Bioethanol	Biofuel	Kang et al. (2010)
Biological	Beta-carotene pigment	Drug, food colorant	Majumdar et al. (2020a)
Biological	Prodigiosin pigment and cellulose nanocrystals	Drug, food colorant, drug delivery system, filler	Majumdar et al. (2020b)
Biological	Biogas	Energy generation	Priadi et al. (2014)
Biological	Vermicompost	Green fertilizer	Negi and Suthar (2018)