Table 3.

Various valuable metabolites generated from diverse lignin sources through biological methods

Degradation method	Bacterial/fungal sp. used	Material used	Metabolites formed	Reference
Bacterial degradation	Paenibacillus sp., Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus, and Bacillus sp.	Kraft lignin	Acetic acid, gallic acid, propanoic acid, guaiacol, valeric acid, ferulic acid, t-cinnamic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate	A. Raj et al. (2007)
Bacterial treatment	Novosphingobium sp. B-7	Bamboo slips	Octadecanoic acid, hexadecenoic acid, 3-methoxy-4,β-dihydroxy benzene propanoic acid, vanillic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, lactic acid, 3-methyl-2-butanol, 3,5-dimethyl benzaldehyde	Y. Chen et al. (2012)
Bacterial and fungal	C. versicolor, T. gallica, Mycobacterium sp., Streptomyces sp.	Kraft lignin	Apocynin, vanillic acid, guaiacol	F. Asina et al. (2016)
Bacterial and fungal degradation	Mixture of various strains including Ascomycota, Glomeromycota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria	Oil palm empty fruit bunches	Catechol, benzoic acid, apocynin, vanillin	Tahir et al. (2019)
Bacterial treatment	Streptomyces sp. S6	Kraft lignin	Triphenylphosphine oxide, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, butyl acetate, 3-methyl-butanoic acid, 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol)	Riyadi et al. (2020)
Bacterial treatment	Bacillus cereus	Paper and pulp wastewater	Methyl isoleucine, hexadecane, pregna-3,5-dien-20a-ol, O-trimethylsilyl, 4 methyl-10-(1-phenyl-ethylidine)-2,4,6-triaza-tricyclo [5.2.1.0(2,6)] decane	R. Kumar et al. (2022)