Table 3.
Adjusted hazard ratios of risk factors for cause-specific mortality in Veterans with HIV (n=4,674).
| Causes of death | aHR (95% CI) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age1,2 ≥40 (vs. <40 years) | Non-White3,4 (vs. White) | IDU3,5 (vs. non-IDU) | ART initiated6 (vs. uninitiated) | AIDS3,7 (vs. no AIDS) | CD42,3,8 <200 (vs. ≥200 cells/mL) | HIV viral load2,3,9 ≥400 (vs. <400 copies/mL) | |
|
| |||||||
| All-cause10 | 1.90 (1.60, 2.26) | 1.30 (1.14, 1.48) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.29) | 0.68 (0.57, 0.81) | 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) | 1.72 (1.35, 2.20) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.45) |
| AIDS-related | 1.83 (1.41, 2.37) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) | 0.56 (0.43, 0.72) | 2.66 (1.02, 6.99) | 4.16 (2.26, 7.67) | 1.44 (0.91, 2.27) |
| Infection | 2.04 (1.55, 2.68) | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.44) | 0.52 (0.40, 0.67) | 2.00 (0.73, 5.48) | 4.72 (2.36, 9.46) | 1.56 (0.92, 2.64) |
| Malignancy | 0.96 (0.47, 1.98) | 0.90 (0.49, 1.62) | 0.49 (0.23, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.51, 2.02) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | 3.18 (0.75, 13.51) | 1.10 (0.32, 3.77) |
| Non-AIDS-related | 1.94 (1.55, 2.41) | 1.46 (1.17, 1.81) | 1.21 (0.97, 1.50) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) | 0.47 (0.31, 0.72) | 1.17 (0.82, 1.68) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.59) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 4.57 (1.77, 11.79) | 2.45 (1.01, 5.94) | 0.87 (0.38, 1.98) | 1.45 (0.49, 4.32) | 0.50 (0.16, 1.64) | 1.19 (0.48, 2.99) | 0.87 (0.32, 2.34) |
| Infection11 | 1.55 (0.79, 3.02) | 1.94 (1.06, 3.57) | 1.01 (0.53, 1.92) | 1.07 (0.56, 2.05) | 1.46 (0.30, 7.10) | 1.03 (0.42, 2.51) | 1.23 (0.46, 3.34) |
| Liver-related12 | 2.88 (1.54, 5.36) | 1.07 (0.58, 1.95) | 2.62 (1.38, 4.98) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.34) | 0.24 (0.09, 0.65) | 1.62 (0.67, 3.97) | 0.94 (0.44, 2.04) |
| Malignancy12 | 2.64 (1.37, 5.10) | 0.94 (0.49, 1.77) | 0.49 (0.23, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.45, 1.96) | 0.50 (0.18, 1.38) | 1.81 (0.73, 4.48) | 0.79 (0.34, 1.86) |
| Renal failure | 2.05 (0.75, 5.59) | 5.36 (1.06, 27.15) | 1.76 (0.55, 5.65) | 0.31 (0.08, 1.22) | 0.58 (0.04, 8.62) | 1.97 (0.20, 19.65) | 1.87 (0.24, 14.72) |
| Respiratory disease11 | 1.62 (0.89, 2.93) | 1.50 (0.83, 2.72) | 0.77 (0.41, 1.43) | 1.44 (0.72, 2.87) | 0.26 (0.06, 1.17) | 2.21 (0.65, 7.54) | 0.91 (0.31, 2.70) |
| Sudden death | 1.96 (0.95, 4.07) | 2.58 (1.12, 5.94) | 1.70 (0.84, 3.44) | 0.63 (0.29, 1.37) | 0.51 (0.20, 1.29) | 0.69 (0.30, 1.59) | 2.06 (1.00, 4.26) |
| Violence13 | 0.61 (0.19, 1.98) | 0.97 (0.38, 2.45) | 2.40 (1.09, 5.29) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.27, 3.14) | 0.39 (0.14, 1.09) | 2.09 (0.78, 5.54) |
aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ART, antiretroviral therapy; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; early-cART era (1997–2006); HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IDU, injection drug use; late-cART era (2007–2016); pre-cART era (1984–1996).
Models adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, transmission category, ART initiation, AIDS status, last CD4, last HIV viral load, and cART era.
Age at HIV diagnosis; last CD4 and HIV viral load: ≤6 months before censorship.
Missing: race/ethnicity (n=70), transmission category (n=1,280), AIDS status (n=651), last CD4 (n=3,626), last HIV viral load (n=3,310).
Models adjusted for cART era only.
Models adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, and cART era.
Models adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, transmission category, AIDS status, last CD4, last HIV viral load, and cART era.
Models adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, transmission category, ART initiation, last CD4, last HIV viral load, and cART era.
Models adjusted for age at HIV diagnosis, race/ethnicity, transmission category, ART initiation, AIDS status, last HIV viral load, and cART era.
Models adjusted for age at HIV diagnosis, race/ethnicity, transmission category, ART initiation, AIDS status, last CD4, and cART era.
Includes deaths for which the cause is unknown (n=265) or other (n=76).
Pulmonary infections included in respiratory, not infection.
HCC included in liver, not malignancy.
Includes suicide and drug-related causes of death.