Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Women with normal BMD (n=60) | Women with low BMD (n=31) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 53.2 ± 4.6 | 55.0 ± 4.5 | 0.053 |
| BMI, kg/m 2 | 31.2 ± 6.4 | 28.6 ± 8.6 | 0.034 |
| Race | |||
| Black | 44 (73.3) | 20 (64.5) | 0.13 |
| Hispanic | 12 (20.0) | 11 (35.5) | |
| Other | 4 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Annual income, ≥ $12,000 | 37 (61.7) | 22 (71.0) | 0.66 |
| Education, less than high school | 43 (71.7) | 27 (87.1) | 0.12 |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 8 (13.3) | 1 (3.2) | 0.25 |
| Current | 30 (50.0) | 20 (64.5) | |
| Former | 22 (36.7) | 10 (32.3) | |
| Drinking | |||
| Abstainer | 33 (55.0) | 18 (58.1) | 0.59 |
| <7 drinks/week | 21 (35.0) | 9 (29.0) | |
| 7–12 drinks/week | 2 (3.3) | 3 (9.7) | |
| >12 drinks/week | 4 (6.7) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Physical activity | 0.42 | ||
| Physically inactive | 7 (11.7) | 3 (9.7) | |
| Moderately active | 32 (53.3) | 21 (67.7) | |
| Very active | 21 (35.0) | 7 (22.6) | |
| Calcium and/or vitamin D supplement use, yes | 6 (10.0) | 8 (25.8) | 0.07 |
| Marijuana use, yes | 10 (16.7) | 5 (16.1) | 1.00 |
| Menopause | |||
| Yes | 36 (60.0) | 25 (80.6) | 0.15 |
| No | 17 (28.3) | 4 (12.9) | |
| N/A due to hysterectomy | 7 (11.7) | 2 (6.5) | |
| L1L4 BMD, g/cm 2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| L1L4 T-score | 1.0 ± 1.2 | −1.7 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Hip BMD, g/cm 2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Hip T-score | 0.7 ± 1.0 | −1.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| HIV+ serostatus | 38 (63.3) | 20 (64.5) | 1.00 |
| HIV-specific factors (HIV+ only) | |||
| CD4 T-cell count ≥500 cells/mm3 | 30 (78.9) | 17 (85.0) | 0.73 |
| Undetectable viral load, ≤20 copies/ml | 31 (81.6) | 17 (85.0) | 0.99 |
| HIV viral load, copies/ml* | 46.0 (35.0, 5026.0) | 91.0 (80.0, 480.0) | <0.001 |
| NRTI use, yes | 36 (94.7) | 19 (95.0) | 1.00 |
| NNRTI use, yes | 10 (26.3) | 8 (40.0) | 0.37 |
| PI use, yes | 15 (39.5) | 6 (30.0) | 0.57 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard error or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables or n (%) for categorical variables.
Median (interquartile range) of the HIV viral load was calculated among the women with detectable viral load only.
HIV-specific characteristics (high CD4 T-cell count, viral load, and undetectable viral load) were analyzed only in the HIV+ women.
P values for comparisons between normal and low BMD groups were estimated from the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.
The low-BMD group was defined as the T-scores for either lumbar spine or total hip were less than −1.0, and the normal-BMD group was defined as the T-scores for the lumbar spine and total hip were greater than or equal to −1.0.
BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; and PI, protease inhibitors.