Table 2.
Campylobacter infection in countries without national surveillance program.
| Country | Year | Region | Campylobacter | C. jejuni | C. coli | Other Campylobacter species | Peak age(range) | Gender | Season | Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | |||||||||||
| Egypt | 2019 | Beni-Suef | 48% (25) | Isolation & PCR | (Zeinhom et al., 2021) | ||||||
| 2018 | Cairo, Giza, Fayoum and Qalyubia | 38.09% (105) | 35.2% (105) | 2.9% (105) | PCR | (Barakat et al., 2020) | |||||
| 2017-2018 | Sharkia | 30% (100) | Isolation & PCR | (Ammar et al., 2020) | |||||||
| 2017-2018 | Ismailia | 31.2% (80) | (Abdelmageed et al., 2021) | ||||||||
| 2015-2018 | Zagazig | 4.1% (270) | Isolation & PCR | (Abd El-Hamid et al., 2019) | |||||||
| 2015-2016 | Cairo, Giza, Fayoum, Qalubia & Minya | 17.33% (75) | PCR | (Ghoneim et al., 2020) | |||||||
| 2013-2014 | Fayuom, Cairo, Qaluobia, Bin-suef and Assuit | 21.5% (93) | Isolation & PCR | (Elgabry et al., 2016) | |||||||
| 2013-2014 | Mansoura | 7.84% (102) | (18-50y) | PCR | (Ramadan et al., 2015) | ||||||
| 2013-2014 | Zagazig | 4.1% (246) | Isolation & rtPCR | (Ahmed et al., 2015) | |||||||
| Ethiopia | 2019 | Arba Minch | 4.4% (180) | (≥15y) | Isolation | (Ayele et al., 2020)# | |||||
| Ghana | 2015-2016 | Accra | 50.7% (140) | 50.7% (140) | 31-50y (20-80y) |
Female | Isolation & PCR | (Forson et al., 2020)# | |||
| Madagascar | 2011-2014 | Moramanga and Antananarivo | 1% (199) | (<5y) | Isolation | (Randremanana et al., 2016)^ | |||||
| Malawi | 2012-2015 | Blantyre | 16.5% (684) | (<5y) | rtPCR | (Iturriza-Gómara et al., 2019)^ | |||||
| South Sudan | 2017 | United Kingdom military personnel in South Sudan | 0.8% (127) | (18->45y) | PCR | (Biswas et al., 2019)& | |||||
| Asia | |||||||||||
| Bangladesh | 2019-2020 | Mymensingh | 31.5% (330) | 21.8% (330) | 9.6% (330) | 0-5y (0->60y) |
Female | Isolation & PCR | (Rahman et al., 2021) | ||
| 2019-2020 | Dhaka | 3.6% (2135) | (≥5y) | Isolation | (Garbern et al., 2021) | ||||||
| China | 2019 | Beijing | 85.7% (12/14) | rtPCR | (Li et al., 2020b)* | ||||||
| 2017-2019 | Wenzhou | 10.5% (850) | 9.3% (850) | 1.2% (850) | (6m-91y) | Isolation | (Zhang et al., 2020a) | ||||
| 2009-2018 | 31 provinces | 0.87% (90391) | 0.15% (89049) | 1-17y (<5->60y) |
Female | Spring | Isolation | (Wang et al., 2021) | |||
| 2017-2018 | Beijing | 7.8% (2945) | 6–17y (<5->65y) |
Male | Autumn | Isolation | (Zhang et al., 2020b) | ||||
| 2018 | Beijing | 90.0% (11) | (15-40y) | rtPCR | (Qu et al., 2019)* | ||||||
| 2018 | Hangzhou | 55.6% (27) | Isolation | (Yu et al., 2020)* | |||||||
| 2016-2017 | Beijing | 7% (370) | 6.5% (370) | 0.5% (370) | 76–87y (15-87y) |
Male | Winter | Isolation | (Li et al., 2018) | ||
| 2012-2016 | Shanghai | 1.2% (8797) | 1.1% (8797) | 0.08% (8797) | (18->67) | Isolation | (Gong et al., 2018) | ||||
| 2014-2015 | Shenzhen | 4.9% (412) | 5-9y (1m-78y) |
Isolation | (Shen et al., 2016) | ||||||
| 2014-2015 | Wuhan | 2.9% (381) | 2-5y (<5y) |
Isolation | (Zhu et al., 2016)^ | ||||||
| 2011-2014 | Henan | 0.13% (755) | (<5y) | Isolation | (Wang et al., 2015)^ | ||||||
| 2010-2014 | Southeast | 0.0003% (3175) | (<5->65y) | Isolation | (Chen et al., 2019) | ||||||
| 2009-2014 | Mainland | 0.5% (5967) | (>65y) | Isolation | (Zhang et al., 2017) | ||||||
| 2009-2014 | Zhejiang | 0.4% (2318) | <1y (<5y) |
Summer | Isolation | (Zheng et al., 2016)^ | |||||
| India | 2019-2020 | Vellore | 12% (400) | 4.3% (400) | 2.5% (400) | 31-40y (0-80y) |
Isolation & rtPCR | (Lakshmi Ss et al., 2022) | |||
| 2016-2017 | Odisha | 16.77% (310) | 2-5y (0->5y) |
Female | PCR | (Mohakud et al., 2019)^ | |||||
| 2014-2016 | Northeast | 10.1% (407) | 8.1% (407) | <2y (<5y) |
Male | Summer | PCR | (Borkakoty et al., 2020)^ | |||
| Iran | 2017 | Mazandaran | 27% (74) | Isolation & PCR | (Divsalar et al., 2019) | ||||||
| 2016 | East Azerbaijan | 35.4% (223) | 27.8% (223) | 10.8% (223) | 18-30y (18-70y) |
Male | Isolation & PCR | (Ranjbar et al., 2017) | |||
| 2015 | Central Iran | 33% (230) | 1-3y (<1-10y) |
Male | PCR | (Abbasi et al., 2019)^ | |||||
| 2014-2015 | Semnan | 8.6% (419) | 6-12y (<2->6y) |
Female | Isolation | (Mazaheri et al., 2016)^ | |||||
| 2013-2014 | Hamadan | 10% (120) | (<10y) | Isolation & PCR | (Rastyani et al., 2015)^ | ||||||
| 2012-2014 | Tehran | 3.6% (980) | 3.4% (980) | 0.2% (980) | Summer | Isolation & PCR | (Shams et al., 2017)^ | ||||
| Iraq | 2017 | Thi-Qar | 10.9% (155) | (<5y) | PCR | (Harb et al., 2019)^ | |||||
| Lebanon | 2018 | South | 12% (291) | >5y (1m-12y) |
Male | Isolation | (Ghssein et al., 2021)^ | ||||
| 2016-2017 | 8 districts | 21.5% (1000) | 17.9% (1000) | 3% (1000) | <12 (<12->65) |
Male | Summer | Isolation & PCR | (Ibrahim et al., 2019) | ||
| Nepal | 2017-2018 | Kathmandu | 56.8% (303) | <6m (<5y) |
Isolation | (Bhattarai et al., 2020)^ | |||||
| 2011-2014 | International travelers to Nepal | 16% (480) | 2.7% (480) |
C. concisus
31.3% (83); C. ureolyticus 7.2% (83) |
PCR | (Serichantalergs et al., 2017)& | |||||
| 2012-2014 | International travelers to Nepal | 20% (433) | Isolation & rtPCR | (Murphy et al., 2019)& | |||||||
| Pakistan | 2014-2015 | Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Khairpur, Mardan and Nowshera | 54.6% (150) | Isolation & PCR | (Noreen et al., 2020)^ | ||||||
| 2014 | Rawalpindi & Islamabad | 52% (500) | 48.2% (500) | 6-11m | Male | Summer | rtPCR | (Sadiq et al., 2019a)^ | |||
| Thailand | 2016-2018 | Nationwide | 10.8% (370) | <5y | Isolation & rtPCR | (Okada et al., 2020) | |||||
| 2013-2017 | United States military personnel in Thailand | 43.8% (248) | 25% (48) | 18.8% (48) | Isolation, rtPCR & ELISA | (Lurchachaiwong et al., 2020)& | |||||
| 2012-2014 | International travelers to Thailand | 31.2% (154) | rtPCR | (Lertsethtakarn et al., 2018)& | |||||||
| 2011-2014 | International travelers to Thailand | 24.9% (173) | 5.2% (173) |
C. concisus
11.5% (26); C. ureolyticus 7.7% (26) |
PCR | (Serichantalergs et al., 2017)& | |||||
| United Arab Emirates | 2017-2019 | Al Ain | 1.9% (203) | (<5y) | rtPCR | (Alsuwaidi et al., 2021)^ | |||||
| Oceania | |||||||||||
| Papua New Guinea | 2013-2014 | Hela, Eastern Highlands, Madang and Central Provinces | 33.1% (118) | (1m-69y) | rtPCR | (Abdad et al., 2020) | |||||
| Europe | |||||||||||
| North Macedonia | 2016-2017 | Skopje | 2.5% (3820) | 2.2% (3820) | 0.3% (3820) | <15y (<15->50y) |
Isolation | (Trajkovska-Dokic et al., 2019) | |||
| South America | |||||||||||
| Colombia | 2013-2014 | Bucaramanga | 3.5% (431) | (<5y) | Isolation | (Farfán-García et al., 2020)^ | |||||
Gender and season with highest isolation or detection rate were noted. Age group with highest isolation or detection rate (range of ages included in the study). M: month. Y: year. Incidence: expressed as percentage (total number of cases). *Outbreak. ^Pediatric studies. &Traveler’s diarrhea. #HIV patients with diarrhea. If multiple methods were used for detection, the higher detection rate is noted. Studies of sample size less than 10 were excluded. EIA: enzyme immunochromatographic assay. PCR: polymerase chain reaction. rtPCR: real-time polymerase chain reaction.