TABLE 5.

Recent research discusses various methods for scaffold surface modification.

Technique	Scaffold materials	Substrate	Cells used	Effect on cell adhesion and growth	References
LbL assembly	CH/HA	Titanium discs	MC3T3-E1	Coatings enhanced biomineralization, were biocompatible with pre-osteoblast cells, and had substantial anti-activity against Streptococcus gordonii infectious disease.	Govindharajulu et al. (2017)
	Collagen I/hyaluronic acid	PLLA discs	Osteoblasts	Collagen increased the substrate’s biocompatibility, enhancing cell survival, cell proliferation, and ALP expression.	Zhao et al. (2014)
	Synthesized 3D structures consist of four PLA membrane surfaces seeded with either MSCs alone or with a co-culture of MSCs and EPCs.	3D printed PLA membranes	MSCs	As a result of the coatings, cells were distributed uniformly across the scaffold, and differentiation of osteoblasts could be observed.	Guduric et al. (2017)
	PEI/PAA/PEI/nanoclay	open-cell polyurethane foam	MSCs	Coated foams have tunable physical (porosity and density) and mechanical (compressive stiffness and strength) attributes. Biocompatible crosslinked coatings for MSCs	Ziminska et al. (2019)
	Chitosan/sodium hyaluronate	hydroxyapatite–gelatin-based 3D-printed scaffolds	MC3T3-E1	The LbL-assembled coating’s application resulted in better mechanical, swelling, and degradation properties. Scaffolds produced an ideal environment for MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion as well as growth.	Chen et al. (2019)
Plasma Treatment	Chitosan-PEO-Coral scaffold modified by Oxygen and Nitrogen plasma treatment		MC3T3 osteoblast	Increased hydrophilicity, which encourages cell adhesion, proliferation, as well as enhanced cell growth	Tabaei et al. (2021)
	PCL modified by Acrylic acid and oxygen		MC3T3-E1	Increased hydrophilicity, enhanced cellular differentiation as well as the proliferation	Ko et al. (2015)