Table 2.
Summarized data of EA protection against natural toxins
| Toxic agent | Dose/Concentration period and route of exposure | Dose/Concentration of EA treatment period and route of administration | In vitro/In vivo | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFB1 | 4 mg/kg, single dose, IP | 300 mg/kg, two doses, IP | Male albino Wistar rats | Prevented the genotoxicity of AFB1 in the bone marrow. | (50) |
| ConA | 20 mg/kg, single dose, i.v | 200 mg/kg, single dose, p.o | Male BALB/c mice | Decreased the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and proteins in the liver. Decreased NF-κB and expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. |
(53) |
| Glutamate | 60 mg/kg, daily, for 30 days, p.o | 20 mg/kg, daily, for 30 days, p.o | Male albino rats | Increased SOD, GPx, GRx, and CAT and diminished MPO and XO. Elevated testosterone hormone levels enhanced male reproductive capacity, and inhibited histological and ultrastructure testicular damage. |
(57) |
| LPS | 50 μg/kg, single dose, IP | 20 mg/kg, single dose, 1 hr before exposure | Male BALB/c mice | Reduced hepatic MDA content, TNF-α, and serum ALT and AST levels. increased expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. |
(60) |
| Ethanol | 7.9 g/kg, daily for 45 days, p.o | 90 mg/kg, daily for 45 days, p.o | Female albino rats | Decreased TBARS, hydroperoxides, NO, ALT, AST, LHD, and ALP, and enhanced GSH level, SOD, and GST. | (65) |
| 7.9 g/kg, daily for 45 days, p.o | 90 mg/kg, daily for 45 days, p.o | Female albino Wistar rats | Improved body weight, restoring antioxidant status, modulating micronutrients, and attenuating lipid levels. Reduced AST, ALT, and ALP. |
(65) | |
| 100 mM for 24 hr | 100 μM, before exposure | hepatic HepG2 cells line | Reduced NO, TGF-β1, and SR-B1. | (66) | |
| Nicotine | 5 mg/kg, daily for 15 days, IP | 60 mg/kg, daily for 15 days, IP | Sprague-Dawley rats | Increased body weight, total GSH, GPx, and SOD activities, and decreased MDA and NO levels in the kidney | (69) |
AFB1: Aflatoxin B1; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CAT: catalase; ConA: concanavalin A; EA: ellagic acid; GRx: Glutaredoxins; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1β; interleukin-1β; IP: intraperitoneal, i.v: intravenous; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MDA: malondialdehyde; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; Nrf2: nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2; p.o: oral; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TLR: toll-like receptor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; XO: xanthine oxidase