Table 3.

Summarized data of EA protection against toxicity of pesticides

Toxic agent	Dose/Concentration period and route of exposure	Dose/Concentration of EA treatment period and route of administration	In vitro/In vivo	Results	Reference
Malathion	0.5 mg/L for 14 days, dissolved in water	Diet contains EA in aqua solution	Cyprinus carpio (fish)	Diminished MDA and increased SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, activities in the liver and kidney.	(72)
Paraquat	45 mg/kg single dose, IP	85 mg/kg, 1 hr after exposure, p.o	Female albino Wistar rats	Improved kidney tissue structure histologically and increased TAS and TOS.	(74)
	100 μM for 72 hr	80 μM for 72 hr	Human lung carcinoma, A549 cells	Decreased ROS, LPO, and LDH and up-regulated Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1.	(75)
Phosalone	0.11 mM for 24 hr	100 nM for 24 hr	Rat embryonic fibroblast	Suppressed ROS and LPO and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB).	(77)
Rotenone	1 mg/kg, daily for 5 weeks, s.c	100 mg/kg, daily for 5 weeks, p.o	Wild-type C57BL/6J male mice	Activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in the brain.	(80)

CAT: catalase; EA: ellagic acid; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IP: intraperitoneal; LPO: lipid peroxidation; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MDA: malondialdehyde; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase; Nrf2: nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2; p.o: oral; ROS: reactive oxygen species; s.c: subcutaneous; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAS: total antioxidant status; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TOS: total oxidant status