Table 5.
Summarized data of EA protection against synthetic toxicants
| Toxic agent | Dose/Concentration period and route of exposure | Dose/Concentration of EA treatment period and route of administration | In vitro / In vivo | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6-OHDA | 5 μl microinjection into the left striatum | 50 mg/kg, daily for 1 week, p.o | Male Wistar rats | Decreased MDA and ROS formation, and DNA fragmentation activated ERβ/Nrf2/HO-1 cascade |
(97) |
| 16 μg/2 μl injection into the right MFB | 50 mg/kg, daily for 10 days, p.o | Male Wistar rats | Decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in MFB. | (98) | |
| Acrylamide | 20 mg/kg, daily for 30 days, p.o | 30 mg/kg, daily for 30 days, p.o | Male Wistar rats | Diminished MDA, NO, Il-β, and TNF-α, and enhanced GSH, SOD, GPx, and CAT in brain tissue. | (100) |
| CCl 4 | 1.5 ml/kg, twice a week for 4 weeks, IP | 10 mg/kg, 5 times a week for 8 weeks, IP | Male Wistar albino rats | Decreased Bcl-2 and NF-kB expression and the MDA level. Up-regulated caspase-3 and Nrf-2 |
(102) |
| 2 ml/kg, 3 times a week for 6 weeks, IP | 15 mg/kg, daily for 5 weeks, p.o | C57BL/6 male mice | Decreased ROS formation and angiogenesis by VEGF and VEGFR2, and the caspase‑3 activity. Decreased serum levels of ALT, AST, and albumin. |
(103) | |
| Dichloroacetate | 32 mM, incubated for 144 hr | 20 mM, incubated for 144 hr | Zebrafish | Suppressed the developmental abnormalities and significantly reduced levels of NO in zebrafish embryos. | (105) |
| TCDD | 46 ng/kg, daily for 90 days, p.o | 1 mg/kg, daily for 90 days, p.o | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Diminished LPO and DNA SSBs in the brain. | (107) |
| 46 ng/kg, daily for 90 days, p.o | 1 mg/kg, daily for 90 days, p.o | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | Significantly increased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as GSH levels. | (108) | |
| 15 µg/kg for 21 days, p.o | 10 mg/kg daily for 21 days, p.o | Male albino Wistar rats | Attenuated antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH, GPx, and CAT), and CYP1A1 and ATPase enzyme activities. | (109) | |
| 100 ng/kg daily for 8 weeks, p.o | 2 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks, p.o | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Enhanced sperm motility and concentration, SOD and CAT activity, and GSH content level, and increased MDA and LPO levels. | (110) |
6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; CAT: catalase; CCl4: Carbon tetrachloride; ERβ: Estrogen receptor beta; GSH: Glutathione; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; IL-1β; interleukin-1β; IP: intraperitoneal; LPO: lipid peroxidation; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MDA: malondialdehyde; MFB: mid frontal brain; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; NO; nitric oxide; Nrf2: nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2; p.o: oral; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SR-B1: Scavenger receptor class B type 1; SSBs: single-strand breaks; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TCDD: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2