Table 1.
Summary of studies reporting on the etiology of CAP in children worldwide
| Country | Study | No. of institutions | Origin of samples | Research period | No. of subjects | Age group (yr) | Population | Bacterial pathogen | Atypical bacterial pathogen | Viral pathogen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | Jain et al. [12] | Multicenter (3 centers) | Naso/oropharyngeal swab | 2010–2012 | 2,358 | 0–18 | Hospitalized with CAP | 175 (8%) | 178 (8%) | 1,462 (66%) |
| BAL | S. pneumoniae (M/C) | M. pneumonia | RSV (M/C) | |||||||
| Sputum | ||||||||||
| PF | ||||||||||
| ET aspirate | ||||||||||
| Blood culture | ||||||||||
| Blood PCR | ||||||||||
| Singapore | Chiang et al. [48] | Single center | Sputum | For 3 yr | 1,702 | 0–18 | Hospitalized with CAP | 175 (10.3%) | 350 (20.6%) | 94 (5.5%) |
| Nasopharyngeal aspirates | S. pneumoniae (M/C) | M. pneumoniae | RSV (M/C) | |||||||
| PF | ||||||||||
| Blood culture | ||||||||||
| Taiwan | Chi et al. [49] | Multicenter (8 centers) | Blood culture | 2010–2013 | 1,032 | 0–18 | Hospitalized with CAP | 326 (31.6%) | 233 (22.6%) | 180 (17.4%) |
| PF | S. pneumoniae (M/C) | M. pneumoniae | ADV (M/C) | |||||||
| Nasopharyngeal swab | ||||||||||
| China | Oumei et al. [50] | Blood culture | 2015 | 1,500 | 0–18 | Hospitalized with CAP | 486 (32.4%) | 291 (33.5%) | ||
| Oropharyngeal swab | M. pneumoniae | RSV (M/C) | ||||||||
| Peru | del Valle-Mendoza et al. [51] | Single center | Nasopharyngeal swab | 2009–2010 | 146 | 0–18 | Hospitalized with CAP | 58 (39.7%) | 52 (35.6%) | |
| M. pneumoniae (M/C) | RSV (M/C) | |||||||||
| Australia | Bhuiyan et al. [52] | Multicenter | Nasopharyngeal swab | 2015–2017 | 230/230 | 0–17 | Hospitalized with CAP/attended clinic without URI | 19 (8.2%) | 130 (56.5%) | |
| M. pneumoniae | RSV (M/C) |
CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; PF, pleural fluid; ET, endotracheal; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae; M. pneumoniae , Mycoplasma pneumoniae; M/C, most common; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; ADV, adenovirus; URI, upper respiratory tract infections.