Table 1.
Clinical Chemistry of rats following oral administration of GMI over 13-week period.
| Male |
Female |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Dose level | 0 mg GMI / kg bw | 50 mg GMI / kg bw | 75 mg GMI / kg bw | 100 mg GMI / kg bw | 0 mg GMI / kg bw | 50 mg GMI / kg bw | 75 mg GMI / kg bw | 100 mg GMI / kg bw | |
| Day 15 | ALT | U/L | 44.3 ± 4.7 | 48 ± 6.5 | 46.3 ± 7.2 | 47.5 ± 9.5 | 40.5 ± 10.5 | 35.7 ± 3.6 | 34.9 ± 8.4 | 42 ± 14.8 |
| ALP | U/L | 229.8 ± 36.2 | 232.6 ± 56 | 232 ± 51.2 | 203.7 ± 53.1 | 103.3 ± 20.6 | 109.4 ± 27.8 | 106.8 ± 30 | 110.1 ± 24.7 | |
| GGT | U/L | 2.45 ± 0.07 | ||||||||
| TP | g/L | 68.09 ± 2.76 | 65.36 ± 2.8 | 65.94 ± 2.23 | 66.83 ± 3.23 | 69.19 ± 3.5 | 66.6 ± 3.63 | 69.38 ± 4.41 | 67.99 ± 3.93 | |
| BUN | mmol/L | 6.616 ± 1.049 | 6.443 ± 1.314 | 7.092 ± 1.049 | 6.721 ± 0.955 | 5.236 ± 0.674 | 5.764 ± 1.052 | 5.45 ± 0.543 | 5.691 ± 0.622 | |
| CRE | μmol/L | 27.1 ± 2.7 | 26.8 ± 2.3 | 31.8 ± 7.5 | 28.8 ± 8.3 | 27.7 ± 3.4 | 31.8 ± 4.1* | 28.9 ± 3.6 | 27.3 ± 2.7 | |
| GLU | mmol/L | 5.977 ± 0.512 | 5.965 ± 0.569 | 5.759 ± 0.334 | 5.94 ± 0.534 | 5.576 ± 0.579 | 5.48 ± 0.33 | 5.407 ± 0.628 | 5.389 ± 0.71 | |
| Na | mmol/L | 146.17 ± 1.45 | 145.06 ± 1.04 | 146.86 ± 1.63 | 147.73* ± 1.48 | 142.73 ± 1.28 | 142.39 ± 1.07 | 142.99 ± 1.22 | 143.33 ± 1.39 | |
| K | mmol/L | 6.528 ± 0.273 | 6.288 ± 0.314 | 6.358 ± 0.33 | 6.62 ± 0.31 | 5.749 ± 0.314 | 5.761 ± 0.415 | 5.632 ± 0.336 | 5.622 ± 0.35 | |
| Cl | mmol/L | 102.25 ± 1.01 | 101.89 ± 0.94 | 102.97 ± 1.03 | 103.68 ± 0.93** | 100.51 ± 0.92 | 100.54 ± 1.21 | 101.14 ± 1.56 | 101.66 ± 1.6 | |
| Day 45 | ALT | U/L | 36.6 ± 5.8 | 40.1 ± 4.8 | 37.7 ± 6.3 | 38.4 ± 6.3 | 37.1 ± 9.2 | 33.9 ± 4 | 49.3 ± 49.4 | 35.4 ± 7.7 |
| ALP | U/L | 137.3 ± 25.1 | 136.1 ± 28.5 | 140.2 ± 25.2 | 121.7 ± 33 | 62.9 ± 16.6 | 68.7 ± 15.6 | 65.8 ± 17.8 | 64.8 ± 12.5 | |
| GGT | U/L | |||||||||
| TP | g/L | 75.31 ± 3 | 72.95 ± 3.45 | 74.75 ± 2.96 | 74.34 ± 1.68 | 80.91 ± 6.23 | 80.6 ± 5.78 | 79.28 ± 5.67 | 75.72 ± 4.94* | |
| BUN | mmol/L | 5.883 ± 0.757 | 5.585 ± 0.272 | 5.947 ± 0.558 | 6.103 ± 0.646 | 5.428 ± 0.657 | 5.781 ± 0.757 | 5.355 ± 0.442 | 5.722 ± 0.67 | |
| CRE | μmol/L | 29.1 ± 2.3 | 29 ± 3.9 | 29.7 ± 2.6 | 28.3 ± 2.1 | 32.1 ± 2.8 | 32.8 ± 2.9 | 32.7 ± 3.3 | 33.1 ± 3.1 | |
| GLU | mmol/L | 6.16 ± 0.499 | 6.03 ± 0.628 | 5.792 ± 0.456 | 5.9 ± 0.47 | 6.261 ± 0.535 | 6.476 ± 0.349 | 6.481 ± 0.438 | 6.166 ± 0.925 | |
| Na | mmol/L | 145.15 ± 1.81 | 144.69 ± 1.29 | 145.35 ± 1.7 | 145.65 ± 0.87 | 143.86 ± 1.36 | 143.08 ± 1.39 | 143.62 ± 1.55 | 143.15 ± 1.34 | |
| K | mmol/L | 6.344 ± 0.3 | 6.134 ± 0.408 | 6.241 ± 0.392 | 6.317 ± 0.369 | 5.77 ± 0.416 | 5.73 ± 0.372 | 5.441 ± 0.393 | 5.551 ± 0.375 | |
| Cl | mmol/L | 101.61 ± 1.34 | 102.1 ± 1.16 | 101.79 ± 1.06 | 102.19 ± 0.73 | 101.71 ± 1.28 | 101.38 ± 0.91 | 101.4 ± 1.22 | 102.13 ± 1.49 | |
| Day 92 | ALT | U/L | 32.6 ± 6.3 | 36.7 ± 16.2 | 32 ± 6.8 | 32.7 ± 5.1 | 35.6 ± 12.1 | 37.1 ± 29.1 | 62.6 ± 77.6 | 27.2 ± 14.6 |
| AST | U/L | 87 ± 14.3 | 90.4 ± 20.4 | 87.2 ± 10.2 | 86.4 ± 6.3 | 80.4 ± 18.6 | 83.4 ± 28.9 | 128.5 ± 129.4 | 80.4 ± 17.2 | |
| ALP | U/L | 76.3 ± 15.1 | 72.1 ± 15.9 | 77.3 ± 14.9 | 69.2 ± 13.5 | 30.3 ± 6.6 | 36.6 ± 9.3 | 34.5 ± 7.3 | 35.8 ± 9.6 | |
| GGT | U/L | 2.4 | ||||||||
| CK | U/L | 147.6 ± 88.4 | 161.4 ± 42 | 160.2 ± 53.1 | 155.9 ± 76.7 | 179 ± 184.6 | 100.5 ± 39.1 | 121.3 ± 85.7 | 169.2 ± 143.6 | |
| LDH | U/L | 293.19 ± 263.57 | 285.76 ± 80.63 | 303.48 ± 168.28 | 312.4 ± 193.5 | 251.11 ± 156.51 | 184.01 ± 111.01 | 220.49 ± 174.28 | 310.72 ± 316.53 | |
| TP | g/L | 66.08 ± 2.82 | 66.09 ± 2.12 | 65.81 ± 3.62 | 66.84 ± 2.97 | 77.48 ± 4.39 | 73.14 ± 6.69 | 74.81 ± 4.05 | 72.69 ± 6.5 | |
| ALB | g/L | 45.7 ± 2.73 | 45.27 ± 2.02 | 45.56 ± 2.05 | 45.09 ± 1.99 | 58.62 ± 5.48 | 53.77 ± 6.32 | 56.79 ± 5.02 | 53.1 ± 5.82 | |
| GLO | g/L | 20.38 ± 1.01 | 20.82 ± 1.95 | 20.25 ± 2.22 | 21.76 ± 2.43 | 18.86 ± 2.83 | 19.37 ± 1.5 | 18.02 ± 3.58 | 19.59 ± 3.26 | |
| A/G | Ratio | 2.249 ± 0.186 | 2.195 ± 0.259 | 2.269 ± 0.22 | 2.094 ± 0.254 | 3.211 ± 0.821 | 2.786 ± 0.347 | 3.302 ± 0.898 | 2.783 ± 0.56 | |
| TBIL | μmol/L | 0.647 ± 0.261 | 0.601 ± 0.196 | 0.777 ± 0.316 | 0.516 ± 0.275 | 1.176 ± 0.544 | 1.487 ± 0.327 | 1.35 ± 0.58 | 1.168 ± 0.482 | |
| BUN | mmol/L | 5.736 ± 0.707 | 5.713 ± 0.49 | 5.59 ± 0.562 | 5.672 ± 0.455 | 5.58 ± 0.579 | 5.864 ± 0.961 | 5.318 ± 1.022 | 5.665 ± 0.88 | |
| CRE | μmol/L | 30.6 ± 4.9 | 29.4 ± 3.1 | 29.1 ± 6 | 27.7 ± 3.5 | 32.3 ± 4.8 | 31.9 ± 2.6 | 31.8 ± 4.1 | 31.1 ± 4.3 | |
| BUN/C | Ratio | 21.576 ± 2.177 | 22.377 ± 3.19 | 22.659 ± 4.951 | 23.644 ± 2.981 | 20.042 ± 3.791 | 20.974 ± 3.065 | 19.097 ± 3.057 | 20.808 ± 2.009 | |
| GLU | mmol/L | 8.916 ± 1.349 | 9.253 ± 1.403 | 9.302 ± 1.46 | 8.49 ± 1.118 | 8.718 ± 2.029 | 7.06 ± 0.747 | 7.091 ± 1.323 | 7.493 ± 1.942 | |
| CHO | mmol/L | 2.019 ± 0.299 | 1.821 ± 0.479 | 1.949 ± 0.249 | 1.804 ± 0.307 | 1.963 ± 0.687 | 2.185 ± 0.309 | 2.155 ± 0.613 | 1.711 ± 0.595 | |
| TG | mmol/L | 0.544 ± 0.331 | 0.558 ± 0.585 | 0.472 ± 0.198 | 0.508 ± 0.256 | 0.336 ± 0.244 | 0.173 ± 0.042* | 0.192 ± 0.096 | 0.187 ± 0.09 | |
| Na | mmol/L | 143.84 ± 2.49 | 144.57 ± 1.48 | 146.16 ± 1.56* | 146.52 ± 2.35* | 144.48 ± 2.25 | 144.61 ± 2.36 | 145.64 ± 3.1 | 144.21 ± 2.72 | |
| K | mmol/L | 9.766 ± 2.004 | 9.782 ± 1.813 | 8.48 ± 1.344 | 8.914 ± 2.375 | 7.058 ± 0.724 | 7.451 ± 0.824 | 7.087 ± 1.467 | 7.8 ± 1.365 | |
| Cl | mmol/L | 103.57 ± 1.17 | 104.16 ± 0.91 | 104.4 ± 0.98 | 104.39 ± 1.6 | 103.61 ± 0.87 | 104.29 ± 1.04 | 103.21 ± 1.63 | 103.33 ± 1.32 | |
| Ca | mmol/L | 2.889 ± 0.154 | 2.885 ± 0.122 | 2.908 ± 0.122 | 2.927 ± 0.091 | 2.982 ± 0.168 | 2.916 ± 0.16 | 2.958 ± 0.092 | 2.935 ± 0.205 | |
| P | mmol/L | 3.43 ± 0.29 | 3.48 ± 0.39 | 3.35 ± 0.37 | 3.16 ± 0.34 | 2.63 ± 0.31 | 2.71 ± 0.35 | 2.55 ± 0.36 | 2.78 ± 0.33 | |
| Day 120 | ALT | U/L | 30.6 ± 6.9 | 30.4 ± 3.8 | 75.2 ± 84.8 | 29.8 ± 7.1 | ||||
| AST | U/L | 81.4 ± 7 | 83.6 ± 9 | 200 ± 243.9 | 81.4 ± 4.8 | |||||
| ALP | U/L | 64.6 ± 9.1 | 59.4 ± 22.1 | 34.4 ± 16.9 | 28.2 ± 4.9 | |||||
| GGT | U/L | |||||||||
| CK | U/L | 187.2 ± 39.3 | 157.6 ± 60.8 | 137.6 ± 54.2 | 149 ± 36.8 | |||||
| LDH | U/L | 510.04 ± 136.79 | 331.94 ± 206.58 | 325.3 ± 168.47 | 319.84 ± 95.4 | |||||
| TP | g/L | 65.38 ± 2.28 | 65.88 ± 1.91 | 75.74 ± 9.16 | 72.22 ± 3.66 | |||||
| ALB | g/L | 45 ± 2.09 | 44.4 ± 1.16 | 58.4 ± 6.77 | 55.2 ± 4.22 | |||||
| GLO | g/L | 20.38 ± 0.38 | 21.48 ± 2.29 | 17.34 ± 3.78 | 17.02 ± 1.95 | |||||
| A/G | Ratio | 2.208 ± 0.094 | 2.092 ± 0.286 | 3.462 ± 0.619 | 3.286 ± 0.521 | |||||
| TBIL | μmol/L | 0.954 ± 0.33 | 0.71 ± 0.196 | 1.576 ± 1.02 | 1.822 ± 0.91 | |||||
| BUN | mmol/L | 6.564 ± 0.702 | 7.262 ± 0.587 | 6.108 ± 0.616 | 6.604 ± 1.562 | |||||
| CRE | μmol/L | 30 ± 7.3 | 31.8 ± 3.9 | 33.2 ± 1.8 | 35.6 ± 3.5 | |||||
| BUN/C | Ratio | 25.792 ± 5.056 | 26.228 ± 2.624 | 21.008 ± 2.283 | 21.112 ± 3.945 | |||||
| GLU | mmol/L | 8.094 ± 0.662 | 8.88 ± 1.194 | 8.98 ± 2.229 | 7.782 ± 1.072 | |||||
| CHO | mmol/L | 2.036 ± 0.352 | 2.098 ± 0.229 | 2.236 ± 0.925 | 1.532 ± 0.547 | |||||
| TG | mmol/L | 0.934 ± 0.466 | 0.872 ± 0.607 | 0.516 ± 0.196 | 0.312 ± 0.056 | |||||
| Na | mmol/L | 144.06 ± 2.67 | 143.02 ± 1.97 | 143.42 ± 1.19 | 144.64 ± 2.08 | |||||
| K | mmol/L | 8.182 ± 2.064 | 10.424 ± 1.824 | 7.254 ± 1.26 | 7.212 ± 0.879 | |||||
| Cl | mmol/L | 103.84 ± 0.96 | 103.62 ± 0.45 | 102.7 ± 1.45 | 104.76 ± 1.56 | |||||
| Ca | mmol/L | 2.774 ± 0.059 | 2.868 ± 0.083 | 2.988 ± 0.168 | 2.798 ± 0.056* | |||||
| P | mmol/L | 3.04 ± 0.26 | 3.38 ± 0.3 | 2.32 ± 0.36 | 1.92 ± 0.15 | |||||
Note: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT); Aspartate aminotransferase (AST); Alkaline phosphatase (ALP); Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT); Creatine kinase (CK); Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Total protein (TP); Albumin (ALB); Globulin (GLO); A/G ratio (A/G); Total bilirubin (TBIL); Blood urea nitrogen (BUN); Creatinine (CRE); BUN/Creatinine ratio (BUN/C); Glucose (GLU); Cholesterol (CHO); Triglycerides (TG); Sodium (Na); Potassium (K); Chloride (Cl); Calcium (Ca);
Phosphorus (P); The values of GGT below detection limit (GGT: 2.3 U/L) was excluded from the statistical analysis. * p < 0.05, significantly different from controls; ** p < 0.01, significantly different from controls