Table 2.
List of ‘PADs’
| Field-up application | Short description |
|---|---|
| Medical diagnosis | Antibody screening tool that shows whether a patient has a contagious disease infection and an immune reaction to it [196] |
| Medical diagnosis | Devices used to identify uropathogenic E. coli rely on the ability to detect nitrite, which is produced when E. coli reduces nitrate. [197] |
| Food quality control | Pesticide detection sensor made of paper for crop samples [198] |
| Food quality control | 3D PAD for identifying the milk allergen casein [199] |
| Food quality control | Colorimetric PAD to detect Salmonella [200] |
| Medical diagnosis | A pop-up, DNA-based, label-free ePAD for HBV (a biomarker of liver disorders) detection [201] |
| Medical diagnosis | A vertical flow-based paper sandwich-type immunosensor for sensing of influenza H1N1 viruses [202] |
| Food quality control | Instrument to measure aluminium in water without pre-treatment or pre-concentration of the sample [203] |
| Medical diagnosis | PAD for detection of malaria [204] |
| Medical diagnosis | Device for medical diagnosis and sweat analysis that simultaneously measures glucose, lactate, pH, chloride, and volume [205] |
| Medical diagnosis | Platform for electrochemical immunosensing for pmol/L Ebola virus detection [206] |
| Medical diagnosis | Human chorionic gonadotropin (a pregnancy indicator) detection via a PAD [207] |
| Medical diagnosis | PAD to immobilize different antibodies or anti-immunoglobulin E onto screen-printed carbon electrodes [208] |
| Medical diagnosis | PAD for COVID-19 diagnosis [209–211] |
| Medical diagnosis | Biosensor for POC sensing of dengue virus [212] |
| Food quality control | PAD to track total ammonia in fish pond water [213] |
| Medical Diagnosis | Electrochemical and self-powered paper-based device for glucose sensing [214, 215] |
| Medical diagnosis | PAD for eliminating the necessity for a micropipette in quantitative analysis [216] |
| Medical diagnosis | PAD to extract blood plasma from a whole blood sample [138] |
| Medical diagnosis | A disposable ePAD for quantification of albumin in a urine sample [217] |
| Food quality control | 3D PAD to simultaneously detect multiple chemical adulterants in milk [195, 218] |
| Medical diagnosis | An intelligent paper-based UV monitor that can detect the solar UV intensity in real time for human health and safety [219] |
| Food quality control | For estimation of the peroxide value in vegetable oils using colorimetric PAD [220] |
| Medical diagnosis | Using exhaled air, an ePAD wearable sensor can detect hydrogen peroxide in real time [221] |
| Food quality control | Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the two main pathogenic bacteria that cause milk poisoning, can be found using a colorimetric PAD [222] |
| Medical diagnosis | PAD for blood typing. [129, 147, 185] |
| Medical diagnosis | Detection of 17-E2, which is crucial for female menstrual and estrous cycles [155] |
| Medical diagnosis | Peptide-based Alzheimer’s diagnostic device [161] |
| Energy generation | A power unit that incorporates a paper-based supercapacitor and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to concurrently harvest and store energy from the movement [181] |
| Food quality control | Device to detect the presence of diclofenac (DCF) in samples of spiked tap water [179] |
| Energy generation | Paper-based batteries with maximum voltage and power of 1.56 V and 15.6 mW [78] |
| Food quality control | Device to detect the amount of nitrite, a preservative used in meat [190, 191] |
| Food quality control | Device based on redox titration technique to calorimetrically identify the alcohol concentration of whiskey samples [193] |