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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2022 Jul 25;74:51–57. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.07.008

Table 4.

Association between time-to-pregnancy (TTP) and risk of postpartum depression (PPD) stratified by parity

Parous
Time-to-pregnancy (cycles) # Women with PPD (%) Total women Crude risk ratio (95% CI) Adjusted risk ratio* (95% CI)
<3 23 (10.9) 211 Ref Ref
3–5 38 (12.4) 307 1.14 (0.70–1.85) 1.04 (0.65–1.66)
6–11 3 (16.6) 235 1.52 (0.94–2.46) 1.16 (0.72–1.88)
≥12 9 (15.3) 59 1.40 (0.66–2.86) 1.20 (0.62–2.31)
Nulliparous
Time-to-pregnancy (cycles) # Women with PPD (%) Total women Crude risk ratio (95% CI) Adjusted risk ratio* (95% CI)
<3 30 (7.8) 386 Ref Ref
3–5 63 (8.6) 733 1.11 (0.73–1.68) 1.08 (0.71–1.64)
6–11 61 (10.8) 563 1.39 (0.92–2.12) 1.28 (0.84–1.95)
≥12 19 (12.8) 149 1.64 (0.95–2.82) 1.45 (0.85–2.48)
*

Adjusted for age, history of subfertility/infertility, preconception primary care physician visits, race, education, income, employment, use of fertility treatment to conceive, BMI.