Table 1. Baseline characteristics and post-procedural outcomes after MitraClip implantation.
| Age group (years old) | <80 | 80-89 | ≥90 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index admission | 8,905 | 8,708 | 1,671 | ||
| Baseline characteristics | |||||
| Gender | Male | 55.9 | 51.3 | 48.8 | <0.001 |
| Female | 44.1 | 48.7 | 51.2 | ||
| Primary payer | Medicare/Medicaid | 82.7 | 95.6 | 96.4 | <0.001 |
| Others | 17.4 | 4.4 | 3.6 | ||
| Median household income category for patient's ZIP code† | 1. 0-25th percentile | 26.2 | 18.6 | 15.4 | <0.001 |
| 2. 26-50th percentile | 26.7 | 25.0 | 22.1 | ||
| 3. 51-75th percentile | 25.4 | 28.1 | 28.1 | ||
| 4. 76-100th percentile | 21.7 | 28.3 | 34.5 | ||
| Comorbidities (%) | Hypertension | 73.8 | 80.7 | 82.8 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 33.9 | 21.4 | 15.3 | <0.001 | |
| Obesity | 15.4 | 5.9 | 2.3 | <0.001 | |
| Smoker | 41.7 | 33.3 | 28.5 | <0.001 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 80.3 | 80.6 | 81.5 | NS | |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 56.2 | 68.0 | 66.8 | <0.001 | |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 8.5 | 7.8 | 6.1 | 0.003 | |
| Prior MI | 19.9 | 13.4 | 12.0 | <0.001 | |
| Prior PCI | 4.3 | 4.4 | 3.2 | NS | |
| Prior CABG | 26.1 | 19.9 | 12.4 | <0.001 | |
| Prior stroke | 11.3 | 12.3 | 10.1 | 0.014 | |
| Prior pacemaker or ICD | 24.0 | 21.8 | 19.4 | <0.001 | |
| Anaemia | 4.1 | 4.5 | 5.3 | NS | |
| Coagulopathy | 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | <0.001 | |
| Prior VTE | 6.7 | 5.5 | 3.8 | <0.001 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 29.0 | 21.3 | 14.0 | <0.001 | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 31.1 | 32.2 | 35.2 | 0.004 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 39.7 | 38.6 | 41.8 | 0.033 | |
| Liver diseases | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | <0.001 | |
| Hospital bedsize (number of beds)‡ | Small | 4.0 | 4.8 | 3.5 | 0.027 |
| Medium | 21.4 | 21.3 | 23.2 | ||
| Large | 74.5 | 74.0 | 73.4 | ||
| Teaching status§ | Non-teaching | 9.8 | 9.8 | 10.1 | NS |
| Teaching | 90.2 | 90.2 | 89.9 | ||
| Admission type | Non-elective | 27.9 | 23.0 | 29.6 | <0.001 |
| Elective | 72.1 | 77.0 | 70.4 | ||
| Admission day | Weekdays | 95.5 | 96.3 | 94.5 | <0.001 |
| Weekend | 4.5 | 3.7 | 5.5 | ||
| Procedural outcomes | |||||
| In-hospital mortality | % | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.7 | NS |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | Reference group</p> | 0.80 (0.59-1.08) | 0.97 (0.62-1.53) | NS | |
| 30-day readmissions | % | 14.6 | 14.8 | 17.4 | 0.013 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | Reference group</p> | 1.06 (0.94-1.20) | 1.21 (1.00-1.47) | NS | |
| CHF-related readmissions¶ | % | 11.3 | 14.1 | 11.5 | NS |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | Reference group</p> | 1.41 (0.97-2.05) | 1.03 (0.57-1.87) | NS | |
| Procedural complications | % | 16.7 | 14.3 | 15.1 | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | Reference group</p> | 0.80 (0.62-1.05) | 0.79 (0.51-1.23) | NS | |
| † Represents a quartile classification of the estimated median household income of residents in the patients ZIP Code, derived from ZIP Code-demographic data obtained from Claritas. The quartiles are identified by values of 1 to 4, indicating the poorest to wealthiest populations. Because these estimates are updated annually, the value ranges vary by year. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/zipinc_qrtl/nrdnote.jsp. ‡ The bedsize cut-off points divided into small, medium, and large have been set so that approximately one-third of the hospitals in a given region, location, and teaching status combination would fall within each bedsize category. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_bedsize/nrdnote.jsp. § A hospital is considered to be a teaching hospital if it has an AMA-approved residency program, is a member of the Council of Teaching Hospitals (COTH) or has a ratio of full-time equivalent interns and residents to beds of 0.25 or higher. https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_ur_teach/nrdnote.jsp. *All multivariable models are adjusted for gender, insurance status, median quartile income, hypertension, DM, obesity, smoking, CHF, AFIB, PAD, prior history of MI, prior history of PCI, prior history of CABG, prior history of stroke, presence of pacemaker or ICD, anaemia, coagulopathy, prior history of VTE, COPD, CKD, liver disease, hospital bed size, teaching status, elective versus urgent admission, and weekday vs weekend admission. ¶ CHF readmissions are provided as percentage of total all cause readmissions. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CHF: congestive heart failure; ICD: intracardiac defibrillator; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; NS: not significant; OR: odds ratio; VTE: venous thromboembolism | |||||