Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, clinical profiles, outcomes, and imaging findings of pediatric patients diagnosed with PRES.
| Patient | Sex | Age (years) | Medical history | CTX | Symptoms | MV | BP* (mmHg) | LOS (days) | Outcome at 90 days | Location of lesions on brain MRI | Other MRI aspects | Recovery time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F | 13 | T1DM, anemia, and AKI | Altered mental status, HBP, seizures, and headache | Y | 166/99† | 3 | Gait abnormality | Parietal lobe (bilaterally); right occipital lobe; and frontal lobe | Blooming (hemorrhage) | 11 days | |
| 2 | F | 4 | Burkitt’s lymphoma | COP + rituximab + methotrexate | HBP and seizures | N | 157/96† | 2 | LTFU | Parietal and frontal lobes (bilaterally) | — | LTFU |
| 3 | F | 8 | ALL | DFCI 05-001 | Altered mental status and HBP | N | 140/60† | 2 | Symptom reversal | Parietal and occipital lobes (bilaterally); and left frontal lobe | — | LTFU |
| 4 | M | 18 | Stage IV seminoma | TIP | Seizures | N | 120/86 | 16 | Death | Cerebellar hemispheres; right parieto-occipital region; parietal and frontal lobes (bilaterally); basal ganglia (bilaterally); and left corona radiata | — | 4 days |
| 5 | M | 7 | Nephrotic syndrome (AKI), cerebral venous thrombosis | — | Altered mental status and HBP | N | 136/84† | 2 | Dysfunctional behavior and headaches | Cerebellar hemispheres; right frontal-temporal-occipital-parietal region; and left parietal and frontal lobes | — | 4 months |
| 6 | M | 14 | Supraventricular tachycardia (cardiogenic shock and AKI) | — | HBP and seizures | Y | 104/65 | 20 | Symptom reversal | Frontal-parietal-occipital region (bilaterally); and right cerebellar hemisphere | Blooming (hemorrhage) | 5 months |
| 7 | M | 10 | FIRES and AKI | — | HBP and status epilepticus | Y | 133/103† | 83 | Epilepsy | Parietal and occipital lobes (bilaterally); and left frontal lobe | — | 3 months |
| 8 | F | 11 | ALL and sepsis | DFCI 05-001 | Status epilepticus | Y | 118/76 | 12 | Death | Left parietal and occipital lobes | — | 5 days |
| 9 | F | 8 | Nephrotic syndrome and myocardiopathy | — | Seizures, headache, visual disturbance, and vomiting | N | 159/105† | 7 | Symptom reversal | Frontal lobe (bilaterally); left parietal-occipital region; and cerebellar hemispheres | Restricted diffusion | 1 month |
F, female; M, male; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; AKI, acute kidney injury; ALL Consortium protocol (vincristine + dexamethasone + 6-mercaptopurine + doxorubicin + methotrexate + asparaginase + cytarabine + hydrocortisone); FIRES, febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome; CTX, chemotherapy; COP, cyclophosphamide + vincristine + prednisone; DFCI 05-001, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium protocol (vincristine + dexamethasone + 6-mercaptopurine + doxorubicin + methotrexate + asparaginase + cytarabine + hydrocortisone); TIP, paclitaxel + ifosfamide + cisplatin; HBP, high blood pressure; MV, mechanical ventilation; Y, yes; N, no; BP, blood pressure; LOS, length of stay; LTFU, lost to follow-up.
Mean baseline values.
HBP, according to age and gender percentile charts.