Table II.
Results for outcome measures in the 2 groups pre- and post-intervention
| Outcome measures | Experimental (HIIT plus diet and carboxytherapy) (n1 = 30) | Control group (diet and carboxytherapy) (n2 = 30) | Experimental vs. Control group | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-value | MD, 95% CI | ||||
| Waist circumference (WC) [cm] | Pre | 107.07 ±2.83 | 106.90 ±2.13 | 0.797 | 0.17, [–1.12, 1.46] |
| Post | 92.77 ±3.27 | 96.92 ±3.31 | < 0.001** | 4.15, [2.45, 5.85] | |
| Δ | –14.3 ±2.75 | –9.98 ±2.66 | < 0.001** | ||
| P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | |||
| Body mass index (BMI) [kg/m2] | Pre | 32.10 ±0.91 | 32.12 ±1.19 | 0.932 | 0.02, [–0.52, 0.56] |
| Post | 30.36 ±0.91 | 31.02 ±1.34 | 0.031** | 0.66, [0.068, 1.25] | |
| Δ | –1.74 ±0.53 | –1.11 ±0.30 | < 0.001‡ | ||
| P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | |||
| Triglycerides (TG) [mg/dl] | Pre | 180.57 ±15.11 | 181.53 ±13.60 | 0.795 | 0.96, [–6.47, 8.38] |
| Post | 127.87 ±8.81 | 140.23 ±4.11 | < 0.001‡ | 12.36, [8.80, 15.91] | |
| Δ | –52.7 ±10.09 | –41.3 ±11.46 | < 0.001** | ||
| P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (SBP) [mm Hg] | Pre | 142.60 ±4.87 | 141.67 ±4.72 | 0.454 | 0.93, [–1.55, 3.40] |
| Post | 124.83 ±4.45 | 126.83 ±5.33 | 0.026** | 2, [–0.53, 4.53] | |
| Δ | –17.77 ±4.34 | –14.83 ±4.67 | 0.014** | ||
| P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) [mm Hg] | Pre | 87.63 ±1.61 | 86.57 ±1.68 | 0.014# | 1.06, [0.21, 1.91] |
| Post | 78.50 ±2.33 | 81.33 ±2.25 | 0.001# | 2.83, [1.64, 4.01] | |
| Δ | –9.13 ±2.60 | –5.23 ±2.14 | < 0.001** | ||
| P-value | < 0.001$ | < 0.001$ | |||
| High-density lipoproteins (HDL) [mg/dl] | Pre | 39.10 ±3.12 | 39.90 ±3.64 | 0.364 | 0.8, [–0.95, 2.55] |
| Post | 58.40 ±4.78 | 56.33 ±4.02 | 0.075 | 2.07, [–0.21, 4.35] | |
| Δ | 19.30 ±4.15 | 16.43 ±3.92 | 0.008** | ||
| P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | |||
| Fasting blood glucose (FBG) [mg/dl] | Pre | 117.20 ±5.37 | 117.13 ±4.97 | 0.960 | 0.07, [–2.60, 2.74] |
| Post | 95.03 ±5.05 | 99.00 ±5.13 | 0.003** | 3.97, [1.34, 6.60] | |
| Δ | –22.17 ±2.64 | –18.13 ±4.53 | < 0.001‡ | ||
| P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | |||
Data are presented as mean ± SD and as mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). HIIT – high-intensity interval training. Δ absolute change from baseline. *Significant p-value (< 0.05) based on the paired t-test, **significant p-value (< 0.05) based on the unpaired t-test, ‡significant p-value (< 0.05) based on Welch’s t-test, $significant p-value (< 0.05) based on the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, #significant p-value (< 0.05) based on the Mann-Whitney U test.