Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics
| All (N = 17,655) | Derivation (n = 12,316) | Validation (n = 5,339) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and physical status | |||
| Age, y | 84.4 ± 5.2 | 84.4 ± 5.2 | 84.4 ± 5.2 |
| <65 | 55 (0.3) | 40 (0.3) | 15 (0.3) |
| 65-74 | 659 (3.7) | 441 (3.6) | 218 (4.1) |
| 75-84 | 7,705 (43.6) | 5,402 (43.9) | 2,303 (43.1) |
| ≥85 | 9,205 (52.1) | 6,407 (52.0) | 2,798 (52.4) |
| Missing age | 31 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) |
| Female | 12,153 (68.8) | 8,464 (68.7) | 3,689 (69.1) |
| Height, cm | 150.0 ± 9.3 | 149.9 ± 9.3 | 149.8 ± 9.2 |
| Weight, kg | 50.2 ± 10.5 | 50.2 ± 10.5 | 50.2 ± 10.7 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.43 ± 0.17 | 1.43 ± 0.17 | 1.43 ± 0.17 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.3 ± 5.5 | 22.3 ± 6.0 | 22.3 ± 3.9 |
| <18.5 | 2,670 (15.1) | 1,863 (15.1) | 807 (15.1) |
| ≥18.5≤ to <25 | 11,236 (63.6) | 7,862 (63.8) | 3,374 (63.2) |
| ≥25 to <30 | 3,204 (18.1) | 2,236 (18.2) | 968 (18.1) |
| ≥30 | 545 (3.1) | 355 (2.9) | 190 (3.6) |
| NYHA functional class III or IV | 4,576 (25.9) | 3,213 (26.1) | 1,363 (25.5) |
| STS score, % | 7.3 ± 4.8 | 7.3 ± 4.9 | 7.4 ± 4.7 |
| CAD | 5,677 (32.2) | 3,950 (32.1) | 1,717 (32.2) |
| COPD (moderate or severe) | 1,443 (8.2) | 1,039 (8.4) | 404 (7.6) |
| Hypertension | 13,969 (79.1) | 9,714 (78.9) | 4,255 (79.7) |
| DM | 5,328 (30.2) | 3,162 (25.7) | 1,433 (26.8) |
| Insulin-dependent DM | 734 (4.2) | 487 (4.0) | 247 (4.6) |
| Noncardiac artery disease | 2,281 (12.9) | 1,589 (12.9) | 692 (13.0) |
| Carotid artery disease | 1,143 (6.5) | 786 (6.4) | 357 (6.7) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2,125 (12.0) | 1,493 (12.1) | 632 (11.8) |
| Peripheral vessel disease | 2,065 (11.7) | 1,431 (11.6) | 634 (11.9) |
| Malignancy | 1,594 (9.0) | 1,115 (9.1) | 479 (9.0) |
| Immunodeficiency | 631 (3.6) | 454 (3.7) | 177 (3.3) |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 1,570 (8.9) | 1,118 (9.1) | 452 (8.5) |
| Previous CABG | 917 (5.2) | 652 (5.3) | 265 (5.0) |
| Previous PCI | 4,141 (23.5) | 2,880 (23.4) | 1,261 (23.6) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 2,742 (15.5) | 1,937 (15.7) | 805 (15.1) |
| Porcelain aorta | 1,670 (9.5) | 1,179 (9.6) | 491 (9.2) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.3 ± 1.8 | 11.3 ± 1.8 | 11.3 ± 1.7 |
| Missing hemoglobin | 37 (0.2) | 18 (0.1) | 19 (0.4) |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.8 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 1.9 | 3.8 ± 1.6 |
| Missing albumin | 395 (2.2) | 265 (2.2) | 130 (2.4) |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.05 ± 1.19 | 1.05 ± 1.29 | 1.05 ± 0.95 |
| Missing creatinine | 33 (0.2) | 20 (0.2) | 13 (0.2) |
| Aortic insufficiency grade III or IV at baseline | 1,474 (8.3) | 1,040 (8.4) | 434 (8.1) |
| Mitral insufficiency grade III or IV at baseline | 1,443 (8.2) | 1,006 (8.2) | 437 (8.2) |
| Bicuspid AV | 437 (2.5) | 298 (2.4) | 139 (2.6) |
| LVEF at baseline, % | 61.5 ± 12.2 | 61.4 ± 12.3 | 61.8 ± 12.1 |
| AV mean gradient at baseline, mm Hg | 49.8 ± 18.0) | 49.7 ± 17.8 | 49.9 ± 18.3 |
| AV area at baseline, cm2 | 0.65 ± 0.34 | 0.60 ± 0.30 | 0.60 ± 0.30 |
| Missing LVEF, mean gradient, and AV area | 74 (0.4) | 44 (0.4) | 30 (0.6) |
| Procedural | |||
| Elective | 17,285 (97.9) | 12,061 (97.9) | 5,224 (97.8) |
| Nonelective | 370 (2.1) | 255 (2.1) | 115 (2.2) |
| Approach | |||
| Transfemoral | 15,289 (86.6) | 10,685 (86.8) | 4,604 (86.2) |
| Others | 2,366 (13.4) | 1,631 (13.2) | 735 (13.8) |
| Outcome | |||
| 30-d death | 202 (1.1) | 143 (1.2) | 59 (1.1) |
| 1-y death | 1,316 (7.5) | 926 (7.5) | 390 (7.3) |
Values are mean ± SD or n (%).
AV = aortic valve; BMI = body mass index; BSA = body surface area; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD = coronary artery disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; STS = Society of Thoracic Surgeons.