Fig. 7.

Citronellal reduces the secretion of CXCL-8, IL-6, CCL-2, and MMP-9 from alveolar macrophages. AM were stimulated with Citronellal (10–500 µM) and LPS (1 µg/ml), LTA (10 µg/ml), or PGN (10 µg/ml) for 24 h. CXCL-8, IL-6, CCL-2, and MMP-9 were measured in culture supernatants by ELISA. Data were normalized to solvent control (DMSO, A–D) or solvent control with LPS (E–H), LTA (I–L), or PGN (M–P). Data are shown as mean ± SEM n = 6–7 donors. A one-sample t-test analyzed cytokine induction by PAMPs compared to the solvent controls. ^§p ≤ 0.05; ^§§p ≤ 0.01, and ^§§§§p ≤ 0.0001. Effects of Citronellal were analyzed by using the Friedman test with post hoc “Two-stage-up method of Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutieli.” *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001