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. 2022 Dec 12;13:71. doi: 10.1186/s13293-022-00480-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Sex-related expression of NGAL in AVs harvested from AS patients. A Representative microphotographs of AVs harvested from patients undergoing elective surgical valve replacement with different degrees of calcification. AVs were characterized by Movat staining and NGAL immunohistochemistry. B Transcript expression of LCN2 mRNA (NGAL gene) in AVs (n = 65) sectioned into fibrotic and calcific areas. 18S, GAPDH, ACTA2 and HPRT were used as housekeeping genes and data are plotted as log10-fold changes versus the expression in healthy sections. C Representative microphotographs of AVs from AS patients showing co-localization of NGAL with macrophages (CD68), leucocytes (CD45) and VICs (vimentin). D Proteome profiler array dot blots from men and female-derived stenotic AVs (n = 25 donors pooled per sex). NGAL blots are red-squared within the dot-blot membranes. Reference spots and negative spots are green-squared within the dot-blot membranes. E Densitometric analyses were plotted upon normalization by the reference spots (internal controls) included within each dot-blot membrane. F Scatter dot plot for the expression of NGAL (pg/mL) in whole AVs harvested from men (n = 133) and women (n = 87). Mean ± SEM are shown in red colour within the scatter blots. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. NGAL Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, LCN2 NGAL codifying gene, CD cluster of differentiation