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. 2022 Dec 12;13:71. doi: 10.1186/s13293-022-00480-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Expression of NGAL in AVs is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and osteogenesis. Correlation dispersion plots for NGAL expression with inflammatory markers IL6 (A), IL8 (B), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 CCL2 (C), RANTES (D), CD14 (E), CD44 (F), ICAM-1 (G) and Gal-3 (H); oxidative stress markers myeloperoxidase (I) and malondialdehyde (J); and osteogenic markers BMP2 (K), RUNX2 mRNA (L), Periostin mRNA (M) and calcium score evaluated by CT scan prior to the surgical valve replacement (N). Correlations were performed in stenotic AVs (n = 220). X-axis labels are referred to NGAL (pg/mL) measured in AV protein homogenates. IL, interleukin; CCL2, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1). CD cluster of differentiation, ICAM-1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, Gal-3, galectin-3, BMP bone morphogenetic protein, RUNX2 Runt-related transcription factor 2, POSTN periostin