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. 2022 Dec 12;11:53. doi: 10.1186/s40035-022-00330-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — The therapeutic effects of engineered EVs on NDs.

EVs have been utilized as a drug delivery platform for the treatment of NDs. Therapeutic cargos including shRNA/siRNA/miRNAs that target ND-related genes, mRNAs that express Aβ degradation enzymes, and therapeutic drugs can be specifically loaded into EVs via transfection or physical strategies. Moreover, through being decorated with RVG, mannose, or PDGFA on the surface, EVs are further conferred targeting capacity to the CNS, microglia, and OPCs, respectively. These engineered EVs reach their target cells to facilitate Aβ clearance, mitigate oxidative stress, protect neuronal cells, inhibit neuroglial activation, promote remyelination, and restore BBB integrity, thus alleviating behavioral phenotypes of ND animal models