Table 4.

Summary of EVs with drug delivery capacity for the treatment of NDs

Cell/tissue origin	Disease	Surface modification	Loaded cargos	Therapeutic Targets	Administration mode	Models	Outcomes	References
Dendritic cell	PD	RVG	α-syn-siRNA	α-syn	Intravenous injection	α-Syn Tg mice	Reduce intraneuronal α-syn aggregates	[247]
Dendritic cell	PD	RVG	α-syn-shRNA	α-syn	Intravenous injection	Syn PFFs-injected mice	Reduce α-syn aggregation, decrease neuronal death, alleviate PD symptoms	[249]
U87 cell	HD	–	Htt siRNA	Htt	Infusion into the striatum for 7 days	Wild type mice	Reduce Htt expression	[248]
MSC	AD	RVG	miR-146a	NF-κB pathways	Intracerebroventricular injection for 2 times	APP/PS1 mice	Inhibit pro-inflammatory responses of astrocytes and microglia	[167]
MSC & 293T cell	AD	–	miR-29b	BACE1, BIM	Bilateral injection into hippocampal CA1 region	Aβ-treated model rats	Enhance spatial learning and memory	[251]
MSC	AD	–	miR-22	GSDMD	Intravenous injection every 7 days	APP/PS1 mice	Enhance behavioral performance, repress neuroinflammation	[252]
MSC	PD	–	miR-188-3p	CDK5, NLRP3	Intravenous injection for 5 days	MPTP-induced PD mice	Suppress autophagy and pyroptosis	[253]
293T cell	PD	–	Catalase mRNA	ROS	Implantation of EV producers into the brains	6-OHDA-injected mice	Protect neurons against neurotoxicity, inhibit neuroinflammation	[246]
Macrophage	PD	–	Redox catalase	ROS	Intranasal injection for 10 times every other day	6-OHDA-injected mice	Eliminate ROS and display neuroprotective effects	[254]
Macrophage	AD	Mannose	Gemfibrozil	Aβ	Intraperitoneal injection for 7 consecutive days	Aβ-injected mice	Promote Aβ clearance by microglia, improve learning and memory ability	[267]
Blood	PD	–	Dopamine	Dopamine receptors	Intravenous injection	6-OHDA-injected mice	Improve dopaminergic neurons, ameliorate PD phenotype	[255]
NSC	MS	PDGFA	Montelukast	GPR17	Intranasal injection every day for 2 weeks	Cuprizone-treated mice	Promote myelin regeneration	[257]
NSC	MS	–	Bryostatin-1	GPR17	Intravenous injection	Cuprizone-treated mice	Promote myelin regeneration	[256]