Table 2.
Chemical properties of wastewater irrigated soil in suburban agricultural areas of Bhadohi, India.
| Chemical properties |
Study areas |
Safe limit |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Wastewater irrigated sites |
EUa | USEPAb | ISc | ||||||
| S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | Mean (Range) | ||||||
| pH | 7.94 ± 0.076 | 6.83 ± 0.032 | 7.11 ± 0.212 | 7.20 ± 0.118 | 7.32 ± 0.20 | 7.1 (6.8–7.3) | ||||
| EC | µs/cm | 108.92 ± 1.5 | 189.39 ± 1.88 | 171.73 ± 3.26 | 159.47 ± 4.28 | 135.88 ± 0.9 | 164.1 (135.9–189.4) | |||
| Org matter | % | 3.38 ± 0.136 | 4.97 ± 0.42 | 4.82 ± 0.35 | 4.65 ± 0.23 | 4.50 ± 0.26 | 4.7 (4.5–4.9) | |||
| Total P | µg g−1 | 99.29 ± 3.02 | 154.72 ± 12.05 | 140.61 ± 8.90 | 127.25 ± 6.26 | 112.26 ± 5.62 | 133.7 (112.2 – 154.7) | |||
| Total N | % | 0.113 ± 0.003 | 0.227 ± 0.007 | 0.206 ± 0.007 | 0.198 ± 0.007 | 0.167 ± 0.003 | 0.2 (0.17 – 0.23) | |||
| NH4-N | µg g−1 | 3.23 ± 0.09 | 5.31 ± 0.063 | 5.24 ± 0.018 | 4.83 ± 0.075 | 4.69 ± 0.13 | 5 (4.7–5.3) | |||
| NO3-N | µg g−1 | 11.14 ± 0.9 | 14.18 ± 0.44 | 13.93 ± 0.18 | 13.68 ± 0.10 | 12.50 ± 0.03 | 13.6(12.5 – 14.2) | |||
| Na | µg g−1 | 313.66 ± 6.5 | 957.88 ± 43.68 | 789.77 ± 33.39 | 702.66 ± 5 | 615.55 ± 3.38 | 766.5 (615.5 – 957.9) | |||
| K | µg g−1 | 309.66 ± 3.4 | 774.11 ± 23.88 | 645.44 ± 10.67 | 542.11 ± 7.31 | 487.89 ± 10 | 612.4 (487.9 – 774.1) | |||
| Ca | µg g−1 | 599.11 ± 22.1 | 1841 ± 27.40 | 1687.8 ± 33.90 | 1344.4 ± 21.1 | 1031.1 ± 31.9 | 1476 (1031.1 – 1841) | |||
| Mg | µg g−1 | 6780 ± 274.4 | 10927 ± 353.85 | 10012 ± 226.93 | 8291.1 ± 159.1 | 8072.2 ± 117.3 | 9325.6 (8072.2–10927) | |||
| Fe | µg g−1 | 26656 ± 202.4 | 37611 ± 764.1 | 33733 ± 620.33 | 32300 ± 183.5 | 31156 ± 262.6 | 33700 (31156–37611) | |||
| Heavy metals | ||||||||||
| Cu | µg g−1 | 12.06 ± 0.134 | 40.87 ± 3.98 | 38.50 ± 3.640 | 34.86 ± 3.160 | 31.63 ± 3.230 | 36.6 (31.6 – 40.8) | 100 | 140 | 135–270 |
| Zn | µg g−1 | 21.516 ± 0.44 | 73.13 ± 5.77 | 60.44 ± 5.68 | 53.64 ± 5.37 | 47.40 ± 3.82 | 58.6 (47.4 – 73.1) | 300 | NA | 300–600 |
| Cd | µg g−1 | 1.78 ± 0.19 | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 2.43 ± 0.25 | 2.097 ± 0.20 | 1.91 ± 0.19 | 1.93 (1.32 – 1.91) | 3 | 3 | 3–6 |
| Ni | µg g−1 | 12.36 ± 0.25 | 45.30 ± 4.16 | 41.45 ± 3.93 | 37.92 ± 3.14 | 35.73 ± 1.98 | 40.1 (35.7 – 45.3) | 50 | 75 | 75–100 |
| Cr | µg g−1 | 11.93 ± 0.45 | 37.82 ± 2.03 | 33.18 ± 1.31 | 28.95 ± 0.71 | 26.05 ± 0.22 | 31.5 (26.1 – 37.8) | 100 | 150 | NA |
Values are mean ± SE of three replicates
NA (Not available),
a
European Union Standards (European Union, 2006),
b
USEPA (2004),
c
Indian standards (Awashthi, 2000) [8]