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. 2022 Dec 12;23:253. doi: 10.1186/s13059-022-02818-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Observed male/female de novo STR transmission ratio by family. The ratio of male to female transmissions of de novo STR alleles is shown by family. The male/female transmission ratio ranged from 0.30 to 3.4. Of the 36 individual families within the 29 large CEPH pedigrees*, 22/36 (61%) have a higher-than-expected rate of de novo STR transmission by males, while 14/36 (39%) have a low-than-expected transmission rate. The male/female transmission ratios suggest a trend for a male transmission bias in the CEPH families. *Several CEPH families have an extended pedigree structure which were separated into non-extended pedigrees for the analysis (see the “Methods” section)