Table 4. Frequency of positive responses in the dimensions of patient safety culture, stratified according to subgroups (n = 314).
| Variables | Dimensions of patient safety culture | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
| 18-24 | 44.6 | 51.8 | 44.0 | 16.7 | 25.9 | 25.0 | 34.5 | 22.6 | 17.9 | 20.5 | 29.5 | 15.5 |
| 25-34 | 49.8 | 52.6 | 47.9 | 17.4 | 29.5 | 30.5 | 34.5 | 39.0 | 23.7 | 25.0 | 25.6 | 12.3 |
| 35-54 | 56.8 | 53.6 | 59.1 | 20.6 | 40.5 | 40.1 | 49.2 | 48.8 | 26.8 | 31.0 | 25.3 | 14.7 |
| 55-70 | 59.7 | 66.1 | 64.5 | 46.2 | 48.4 | 51.6 | 44.1 | 68.8 | 33.1 | 39.5 | 33.1 | 29.0 |
| P-value | 0.132 | 0.135 | 0.012 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.083 | < 0.001 | 0.095 | 0.020 | 0.571 | 0.009 |
| Length of experience (years) | ||||||||||||
| < 1 | 52.1 | 58.1 | 45.2 | 21.5 | 31.8 | 32.2 | 37.3 | 32.8 | 24.2 | 22.9 | 30.9 | 13.0 |
| 1-5 | 49.7 | 50.5 | 50.4 | 25.2 | 31.6 | 32.6 | 36.2 | 42.9 | 23.4 | 25.0 | 26.3 | 15.6 |
| 6-10 | 43.0 | 48.0 | 50.7 | 8.0 | 35.0 | 33.3 | 34.7 | 52.0 | 17.0 | 34.0 | 25.0 | 14.7 |
| 11-15 | 57.1 | 50.7 | 55.4 | 20.3 | 35.8 | 35.1 | 45.5 | 43.2 | 29.4 | 28.7 | 26.7 | 13.5 |
| 16-20 | 57.3 | 62.5 | 55.6 | 20.8 | 36.5 | 44.4 | 48.6 | 58.3 | 26.0 | 28.1 | 25.0 | 18.1 |
| ≥ 21 | 55.3 | 67.1 | 68.4 | 43.0 | 52.6 | 55.3 | 51.8 | 61.4 | 31.6 | 45.4 | 30.9 | 27.2 |
| P-value | 0.304 | 0.037 | 0.027 | < 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.003 | 0.059 | < 0.001 | 0.227 | 0.008 | 0.864 | 0.076 |
| Staff position | ||||||||||||
| Physician | 55.7 | 62.3 | 48.4 | 18.2 | 31.6 | 30.8 | 34.6 | 31.4 | 25.0 | 25.9 | 26.9 | 15.7 |
| Nurse | 55.5 | 53.0 | 56.3 | 25.1 | 37.3 | 38.7 | 47.4 | 51.2 | 28.7 | 31.3 | 33.1 | 17.6 |
| Other | 51.2 | 52.7 | 52.1 | 23.4 | 35.3 | 37.5 | 39.3 | 46.3 | 25.3 | 28.3 | 25.0 | 14.2 |
| P-value | 0.771 | 0.299 | 0.535 | 0.474 | 0.692 | 0.454 | 0.175 | 0.013 | 0.804 | 0.698 | 0.413 | 0.804 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||||
| High school or less | 54.3 | 59.9 | 60.3 | 36.9 | 39.9 | 46.8 | 43.3 | 58.7 | 26.7 | 32.5 | 34.6 | 18.3 |
| Undergraduate | 50.9 | 51.8 | 49.6 | 17.5 | 33.2 | 31.7 | 37.4 | 38.2 | 25.0 | 24.7 | 23.8 | 15.4 |
| Postgraduate | 52.3 | 52.3 | 49.7 | 17.2 | 34.2 | 32.0 | 42.2 | 38.8 | 25.2 | 28.7 | 24.4 | 14.8 |
| P-value | 0.890 | 0.435 | 0.219 | 0.001 | 0.566 | 0.041 | 0.666 | 0.004 | 0.956 | 0.475 | 0.158 | 0.772 |
Note: Dimensions: (1): Teamwork within units; (2): Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety; (3): Organizational learning and continuous improvement; (4): Management support for patient safety; (5): Overall perceptions of patient safety; (6): Feedback and communication about error; (7): Communication openness; (8): Frequency of events reported; (9): Teamwork across units; (10): Staffing; (11): Handoffs and transitions (i.e. handovers); (12): Nonpunitive response to errors.