Table 1.
Main characteristics of the included literature related to AFP and AFP combined with other biomarkers in this study.
| Markers | Study id [Ref] | Region | Case/control | Sample size (case/control) | TP | FP | FN | TN | Se (%) | Sp (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFP | Mashaly, A. H. 2018 [14] | Egypt | HCC/CLD | 44/31 | 23 | 1 | 21 | 30 | 52.27 | 96.77 |
| Qian, Y. 2020 [16] | China | HCC/CLD | 118/75 | 68 | 27 | 50 | 48 | 57.63 | 64.00 | |
| Lee, J. 2021 [17] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 184/134 | 83 | 11 | 101 | 123 | 45.00 | 91.80 | |
| Sultanik, P. 2017 [18] | France | HCC/CLD | 46/116 | 29 | 21 | 17 | 95 | 63.00 | 82.00 | |
| Kim, M. N. 2019 [19] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 64/328 | 42 | 22 | 22 | 306 | 65.60 | 93.30 | |
| Park, S. J. 2017 [20] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 79/77 | 49 | 6 | 30 | 71 | 62.03 | 92.21 | |
| Xu, F. 2021 [21] | China | HCC/CLD | 308/60 | 212 | 10 | 96 | 50 | 68.80 | 83.30 | |
| Loglio, A. 2020 [22] | Italy | HCC/CLD | 64/148 | 36 | 9 | 28 | 139 | 56.00 | 94.00 | |
| Ye, F. 2021 [23] | China | HCC/CLD | 133/101 | 80 | 9 | 53 | 92 | 60.15 | 91.09 | |
| Wang, F. 2021 [24] | China | HCC/CLD | 186/235 | 118 | 58 | 68 | 177 | 63.40 | 75.30 | |
| Omran, M. M. 2021 [25] | Egypt | HCC/CLD | 155/60 | 42 | 0 | 113 | 60 | 27.00 | 100.00 | |
| Malov, S. I. 2021 [26] | Russia | HCC/CLD | 55/55 | 25 | 3 | 30 | 52 | 45.50 | 94.50 | |
| Lambrecht, J. 2021 [27] | Germany | HCC/CLD | 122/145 | 97 | 31 | 25 | 114 | 79.17 | 78.87 | |
| Zhou, P. C. 2020 [28] | China | HCC/CLD | 20/20 | 6 | 0 | 14 | 20 | 30.00 | 100.00 | |
| Zhang, X. 2020 [29] | China | HCC/CLD | 288/286 | 210 | 53 | 78 | 233 | 72.90 | 81.50 | |
| Hendy, O. M. 2020 [30] | Egypt | HCC/CLD | 40/30 | 25 | 2 | 15 | 28 | 62.50 | 93.33 | |
| Mao, L. 2017 [31] | China | HCC/CLD | 82/29 | 37 | 10 | 45 | 19 | 45.12 | 65.52 | |
| Jasirwan, C. O. 2020 [32] | Indonesia | HCC/CLD | 132/198 | 109 | 57 | 23 | 141 | 82.60 | 71.20 | |
| Lee, H. A. 2021 [33] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 160/462 | 126 | 181 | 34 | 281 | 78.80 | 61.00 | |
| Yang, M. Y. 2021 [34] | China | HCC/CLD | 314/300 | 194 | 114 | 120 | 186 | 61.80 | 62.00 | |
| Schotten, C. 2021 [35] | Germany | HCC/CLD | 196/377 | 119 | 15 | 77 | 362 | 60.70 | 96.00 | |
| Liu, D. 2021 [36] | China | HCC/CLD | 123/143 | 65 | 9 | 58 | 134 | 52.80 | 93.70 | |
| Omran, M. M. 2020 [37] | Egypt | HCC/CLD | 104/92 | 30 | 0 | 74 | 92 | 29.00 | 100.00 | |
| Li, B. 2020 [38] | China | HCC/CLD | 104/95 | 60 | 13 | 44 | 82 | 57.70 | 86.30 | |
| Yang, T. 2019 [39] | China | HCC/CLD | 289/211 | 193 | 44 | 96 | 167 | 66.80 | 79.20 | |
| Wang, Q. 2019 [40] | China | HCC/CLD | 176/359 | 114 | 82 | 62 | 277 | 64.80 | 77.20 | |
| Shimagaki, T. 2019 [41] | Japan | HCC/CLD | 185/108 | 93 | 16 | 92 | 92 | 50.30 | 85.20 | |
| Hu, J. 2018 [42] | China | HCC/CLD | 369/176 | 213 | 26 | 156 | 150 | 57.70 | 85.20 | |
| Guo, W. 2018 [43] | China | HCC/CLD | 200/101 | 114 | 20 | 86 | 81 | 57.00 | 80.00 | |
| Chuaypen, N. 2018 [44] | Thailand | HCC/CLD | 150/150 | 97 | 4 | 53 | 146 | 64.70 | 97.30 | |
| Tian, M. M. 2017 [45] | China | HCC/CLD | 120/146 | 66 | 56 | 54 | 90 | 55.00 | 61.60 | |
| Shaker, M. K. 2017 [46] | Egypt | HCC/CLD | 50/25 | 35 | 1 | 15 | 24 | 70.00 | 96.00 | |
| Ismail, M. M. 2017 [47] | Saudi Arabia | HCC/CLD | 66/99 | 45 | 12 | 21 | 87 | 68.20 | 87.90 | |
| Hu, N. 2017 [48] | China | HCC/CLD | 80/80 | 47 | 20 | 33 | 60 | 58.75 | 75.00 | |
| Fu, Y. 2017 [49] | China | HCC/CLD | 531/171 | 408 | 29 | 123 | 142 | 76.82 | 83.01 | |
| Liu, H. H. 2020 [50] | China | HCC/CLD | 105/54 | 38 | 5 | 67 | 49 | 36.19 | 90.74 | |
| Tang, X. Q. 2017 [51] | China | HCC/CLD | 176/190 | 130 | 32 | 46 | 158 | 73.90 | 82.90 | |
| Ali, O. M. 2020 [52] | Egypt | HCC/CLD | 30/30 | 22 | 4 | 8 | 26 | 72.20 | 86.20 | |
| Sai, W. L. 2021 [53] | China | HCC/CLD | 126/96 | 93 | 21 | 33 | 75 | 73.81 | 78.13 | |
| Alzamzamy, A. 2021 [54] | Egypt | HCC/CLD | 40/60 | 26 | 10 | 14 | 50 | 65.00 | 83.30 | |
| Ricco G. 2018 [55] | Italy | HCC/CLD | 258/130 | 135 | 32 | 123 | 98 | 52.50 | 75.20 | |
| Caviglia GP. 2021 [56] | Italy | HCC/CLD | 72/119 | 55 | 37 | 17 | 82 | 76.40 | 68.90 | |
| Caviglia GP. 2020 [57] | Italy | HCC/CLD | 149/200 | 107 | 68 | 42 | 132 | 72.00 | 66.00 | |
| AFP + AFP-L3 | Song, T. 2020 [58] | China | HCC/CLD | 100/67 | 54 | 7 | 46 | 60 | 53.50 | 89.60 |
| Pan, Y. 2019 [59] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 125/280 | 72 | 23 | 53 | 257 | 57.60 | 91.80 | |
| Hu, R. Z. 2019 [60] | China | HCC/CLD | 56/91 | 36 | 8 | 20 | 83 | 64.28 | 90.90 | |
| Park, S. J. 2017 [20] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 79/77 | 35 | 2 | 44 | 75 | 44.30 | 97.40 | |
| Choi, J. 2019 [61] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 42/168 | 33 | 22 | 9 | 146 | 79.00 | 87.00 | |
| Chen, H. 2018 [62] | China | HCC/CLD | 202/441 | 83 | 44 | 119 | 397 | 40.90 | 90.00 | |
| AFP + AFP-L3 + DCP | Song, T. 2020 [58] | China | HCC/CLD | 100/67 | 67 | 11 | 33 | 56 | 66.70 | 83.10 |
| Pan, Y. 2019 [59] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 125/280 | 65 | 18 | 60 | 262 | 52.00 | 93.60 | |
| Hu, R. Z. 2019 [60] | China | HCC/CLD | 56/91 | 31 | 2 | 25 | 89 | 55.35 | 98.48 | |
| Park, S. J. 2017 [20] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 79/77 | 30 | 0 | 49 | 77 | 37.97 | 100.00 | |
| Choi, J. 2019 [61] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 42/168 | 35 | 42 | 7 | 126 | 83.00 | 75.00 | |
| Chen, H. 2018 [62] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 202/644 | 149 | 64 | 53 | 580 | 73.70 | 90.00 | |
| AFP + DCP | Park, S. J. 2017 [20] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 79/77 | 40 | 0 | 39 | 77 | 51.00 | 100.00 |
| Xu, F. 2021 [21] | China | HCC/CLD, BLD | 308/120 | 293 | 20 | 15 | 100 | 95.10 | 83.30 | |
| Yang, T. 2019 [39] | China | HCC/CLD | 289/211 | 254 | 40 | 35 | 171 | 87.80 | 81.00 | |
| Wang, Q. 2019 [40] | China | HCC/CLD | 176/359 | 129 | 22 | 47 | 337 | 73.30 | 93.90 | |
| Tang, X. Q. 2017 [51] | China | HCC/CLD | 176/190 | 154 | 25 | 22 | 165 | 87.50 | 87.00 | |
| Pan, Y. 2019 [59] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 125/280 | 78 | 21 | 47 | 259 | 62.00 | 92.50 | |
| Wu, M. 2020 [63] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 198/176 | 160 | 52 | 38 | 124 | 80.80 | 70.60 | |
| Maeda, T. 2019 [64] | Japan | HCC/CLD, HC | 304/152 | 224 | 13 | 80 | 139 | 73.70 | 91.70 | |
| Wu, J. 2018 [65] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 143/131 | 126 | 44 | 17 | 87 | 88.10 | 66.41 | |
| Ricco G. 2018 [55] | Italy | HCC/CLD | 258/130 | 225 | 62 | 33 | 68 | 87.40 | 52.20 | |
| AFP/DCP | Park, S. J. 2017 [20] | Korea | HCC/CLD | 79/77 | 65 | 29 | 14 | 48 | 82.28 | 62.34 |
| Lee, Q. 2021 [66] | China | HCC/CLD | 158/62 | 114 | 2 | 44 | 60 | 72.20 | 96.80 | |
| Loglio, A. 2020 [22] | Italy | HCC/CLD | 64/148 | 51 | 21 | 13 | 127 | 80.00 | 86.00 | |
| Sultanik, P. 2017 [18] | France | HCC/CLD | 46/116 | 40 | 28 | 6 | 88 | 87.00 | 76.00 | |
| Wu, J. 2018 [65] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 143/131 | 76 | 9 | 67 | 122 | 53.02 | 93.13 | |
| Pan, Y. 2019 [59] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 125/280 | 114 | 53 | 11 | 227 | 91.20 | 81.10 | |
| AFP + GPC3 | Wu, M. 2020 [63] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 198/176 | 172 | 50 | 26 | 126 | 86.90 | 71.70 |
| Zhu, X. 2019 [67] | China | HCC/CLD | 47/89 | 40 | 16 | 7 | 73 | 85.01 | 81.62 | |
| Taketomi, A. 2020 [68] | Egypt | HCC/CLD, HC | 25/125 | 23 | 0 | 2 | 125 | 92.00 | 100.00 | |
| Tang, X. Y. 2020 [69] | China | HCC/HC, BLD | 166/144 | 146 | 32 | 20 | 112 | 87.82 | 77.86 | |
| Shimizu, Y. 2020 [70] | Japan | HCC/CLD | 105/95 | 72 | 10 | 33 | 85 | 68.30 | 89.40 | |
| Liu, S. 2020 [71] | China | HCC/HC | 210/127 | 185 | 22 | 25 | 105 | 88.10 | 82.68 | |
| Sun, B. 2017 [7] | China | HCC/CLD, HC | 76/100 | 65 | 4 | 11 | 96 | 85.50 | 96.00 | |
| Ali, O. M. 2020 [52] | Egypt | HCC/CLD | 30/30 | 27 | 4 | 3 | 26 | 91.00 | 86.00 |
CLD: chronic liver disease; BLD: benign liver disease; HC: healthy control; CH: cirrhosis; TP: true positive; FP: false positive; FN: false negative; TN: true negative; Se: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; Ref: reference.