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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 2.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Metab. 2022 Jun 2;4(5):524–533. doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00565-1

Extended Data Table 1 |.

Overview of the immunometabolic effects of itaconate and mesaconate in mouse macrophages. SUCLG, succinate-CoA ligase; AUH, AU RNA-binding protein/enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase, also known as methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase

Itaconate Mesaconate
Synthesis (stimulant) in LPS-stimulated macrophages
Precursor cis-aconitate itaconate
Synthetic enzyme IRG1(ACOD1) SUCLG, AUH and others?
Effect on glycolysis to reduce glycolysis
Effect on SDH activity to inhibit no effect
Effect on respiration to inhibit to mildly reduce
Effect on cytokines IL-6/IL-12 ⇩, CXCL10 ⇧
Dependence on NRF2 and ATF3 no

Abbreviations: IRG1: Immunoresponsive gene 1, aka. Aconitate Decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1); SUCLG, Succinate-CoA Ligase; AUH: AU RNA binding protein/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase, aka. Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase; SDH: Succinate dehydrogenase.