Extended Data Table 1 |.

Overview of the immunometabolic effects of itaconate and mesaconate in mouse macrophages. SUCLG, succinate-CoA ligase; AUH, AU RNA-binding protein/enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase, also known as methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase

	Itaconate	Mesaconate
Synthesis (stimulant)	in LPS-stimulated macrophages
Precursor	cis-aconitate	itaconate
Synthetic enzyme	IRG1(ACOD1)	SUCLG, AUH and others?
Effect on glycolysis	to reduce glycolysis
Effect on SDH activity	to inhibit	no effect
Effect on respiration	to inhibit	to mildly reduce
Effect on cytokines	IL-6/IL-12 ⇩, CXCL10 ⇧
Dependence on NRF2 and ATF3	no

Abbreviations: IRG1: Immunoresponsive gene 1, aka. Aconitate Decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1); SUCLG, Succinate-CoA Ligase; AUH: AU RNA binding protein/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase, aka. Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase; SDH: Succinate dehydrogenase.