TABLE 1.

Examples of antagonistically pleiotropic features of genes and processes

Examples	Beneficial features	Deleterious features	Reference
Oncogene MYC WNT1	Cell proliferation stem cell maintenance	Tumorigenesis	53, 54
Tumor suppressor gene TP53	Inhibition cell proliferation of damaged cells	Apoptotic cell death necrotic cell death accelerated aging	55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60
Cellular senescence	Prevents cell proliferation of damaged cells	Loss of cell function inflammation promotes tumorigenesis	61, 62, 63, 64
Immune response	Remove pathogens kill damaged cells kill neoplastic cells	Inflammation (inflammaging)	65, 66
Mild stress	Lifespan extension	Death frailty	38
Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase	Conversion of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate to 1,3‐bisphosphoglycerate (glycolysis)	Side products: 1,4‐bisphospho‐erythronate, 4‐phospho‐erythronate, NADPHX, NADHX	50
Molecular oxygen	Aerobic respiration energy derivation	Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress	67, 68, 69