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. 2022 Dec 13;11:123. doi: 10.1186/s40249-022-01047-y

Table 2.

Determining of statistically significant differences between refugees and citizens based on their sociodemographic characteristics (n = 992)

Variable Refugee (%)
(n = 501)
Citizen (%)
(n = 491)
Chi–square (DF) P–value
Educational level
 High school and below 385 (86.3) 61 (13.7) 419.62 (2) < 0.001*
 Undergraduate 109 (22.8) 369 (77.2)
 Postgraduate 7 (10.3) 61 (89.7)
Health insurance
 No 398 (78.8) 107 (21.2) 329.76 (1) < 0.001*
 Yes 103 (21.1) 384 (78.9)
Job status
 No 300 (51.2) 286 (48.8) 0.27 (1) 0.601
 Yes 201 (49.5) 205 (50.5)
Smoking status
 No 273 (43.6) 353 (56.4) 32.26 (1) < 0.001*
 Yes 228 (62.3) 138 (37.7)
Food and/or drug allergies
 No 448 (51.6) 421 (48.4) 3.09 (1) 0.079
 Yes 53 (43.1) 70 (56.9)

Smoking includes all forms of smoking, such as cigar smoking, cigarette smoking, and pipe smoking

DF Degrees of freedom

*Statistically significant