Table 2.
Systematic Literature Review for Endovascular Treatment for Intracranial Giant Cell Arteritis
| Article | Author | Patient Number | Sex | No. of Treatments | Technique | Target Vessel | CV Risk Factors | ESR | CRP | Corticosteroid treatmenta | Adjuvant Immunosuppressanta | Vascular medicationsa | Complications | Clinical outcomeb | Clinical follow-up (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Simonsen et al. 2020 [20] |
1 | 65F | 2 | PTA | LICA | None | 46 | NR | Prednisone 1 mg/kg → solumedrol → prednisone taper | CPM 15 mg/kg → tocilizumab → oral CPM × 6 mo, then methotrexate | NR | 1 | MRS 2 | 90 |
| 2 | 64F | 3 | PTA | LICAx3, RICAx2 | HTN, DM | 57 | NR | Prednisone 1 mg/kg → solumedrol → | CPM 15 mg/kg × 6 → methotrexate | NR | Dissection x1, PCP pneumonia | MRS 3 | 90 | ||
| 3 | 72M | 2 | PTA | LICAx3, RICAx1, LVx1 | HTN, smoking | 22 | NR | Prednisone taper 1 mg/kg → solumedrol → prednisone taper | CPM 10 mg/kg × 6 | NR | 0 | MRS 1 | 90 | ||
| 4 | 71F | 2 | PTA | LICAx2, RICAx2, LVx1 | HTN | 54 | NR | Solumedrol 1 mg/d → | CPM 15 mg/kg × 6 | NR | Dissection x1 | MRS 4 | 90 | ||
| 2 |
Lago et al. 2020 [21] |
5 | 72F | 1 | PTA | LICA | HTN | 50 | NR | Prednisone, ‘megadose’steroids dose NR | None | ASA during hospitalization | 0 | MRS 2 | 90 |
| 6 | 73M | 1 | PTA | Bilateral VA | HTN, DM, smoking | 68 | 49.5 | Prednisone, dose NR | None | None | 0 | MRS 1 | 90 | ||
| 3 |
Togo et al. 2018 [22] |
7 | 80F | 1 | PTA | R VA | None | 90 | 7.5 | 1 g solumedrol → prednisone → 1 g solumedrol | CPM 670 mg | ASA 100 mg/clopidogrel 75 mg on HD1 | 0 | MRS 3 | 71 |
| 4 |
Guerrero et al. 2015 [23] |
8 | 59F | 1 | PTA + Stent | LICA | None | 101 | NR | 1 g solumedrol × 3 day → prednisone 1 mg/kg | Methotrexate 7.5 mg/weekly started week 2 | ASA 100 mg on HD 0, then enoxoparin BID-DAPT post stent | 0 | MRS 2 | 32 |
| 5 |
Neutel et al. 2014 [24] |
9 | 65M | 1 | PTA | LICA | HTN, HLD | 57 | NR | Prednisone (taper dose) → 1 mg/kg → bolus → taper | Methotrexate (15 mg/week) | ASA 100 on HD 0, switched to plavix 75 mg monotherapy after recurrent stroke | 0 | NR | 365 |
| 6 |
Dementovych et al. 2012 [25] |
10 | NR | 1 | PTA + Stent | R VA | HTN, HLD, DM | 51 | 28 | Solumedrol 1 mg/d → prednisone | None | Clopidogrel 300/ASA 325 (day 21 stroke); DAPT post stent | 0 | NIHSS 3 (from 13) at day 30 | 30 |
| 7 |
Chausson et al. 2010 [26] |
11 | 78F | 1 | PTA + Stent | Bilateral ICA | None | 99 | 25 | Solumedrol 1 mg/d → prednisone | None | Clopidogrel (day of stroke, HD31) → DAPT post stent | 0 | NR | 7 |
| 8 |
Steiger et al. 2018 [27] |
12 | 67M | 1 | PTA + Stent | R VA | HTN, HLD, DM, CAD | 93 | 14 | Solumedrol 1 mg/d → prednisone | None | ASA, then DAPT and AC (Not specified) day 16 stroke | 0 | MRS 1 | 60 |
| 9 |
Espígol-Frigolé et al. 2009 [28] |
13 | NR | 1 | PTA | NR (BICA/BVA) | Unknown | ‘Elevated’ | NR | Solumedrol, prednisone (dose NR) | None | Antiplatelet and anticoagulation (dose/type NR) | 0 | MRS 0 | 540 |
| 14 | NR | 1 | PTA | NR (BICA) | Unknown | NR | NR | Solumedrol, prednisone (dose NR) | None | Antiplatelet and anticoagulation (dose/type NR) | 0 | MRS 0 | 540 |
NR not reported, PTA percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate (s), CRP C-reactive protein (mg/dl), ICA intracranial internal carotid artery, VA vertebral artery, HTN hypertension, DM diabetes mellitus, AC anticoagulation, ASA aspirin, DAPT dual antiplatelet therapy, MRS modified Rankin Scale, CPM cyclophosphamide
aIndicates prior to endovascular intervention
bMRS as directly reported in study or inferred from clinical description