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. 2022 Nov 29;10:1054370. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1054370

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Liu, Su, Li, Chen, Liu, Guo, Xuan and Qiu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Oral and craniomaxillofacial tissues. (B) EVs in intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transport bioactive molecules like miRNAs to regulate gene expression of target cells, affecting cell life activities, such as angiogenesis and cell cycle. (C) EVs in immunomodulation. EVs containing immunomodulating factors are transferred into macrophages to induce M2 polarization and thus inhibit inflammation. (D) EVs in targeted delivery system. EVs bind to target cells through the receptor-ligand system on the membranes.