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. 2022 Dec 8;17:6157–6180. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S384592

Table 5.

Genotoxicity and Oncogenic Potential of CNTs without Drug Conjugates

S. No Type of CNTs and Dimensions Animal Model or Cell Line Dose and Route of Administration Effects or Outcomes Ref.
1. MWCNTs, sizes of ~1100 nm GDL1 gpt delta mice lung fibroblasts co-cultured with RAW264.7 20 and 80 μg/mL Increased ROS production and elevated IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels [74]
2. MWCNTs, diameters of 30 to 57 nm and lengths of 2 to 5 µm BEAS-2B cells 0.024 and 24 μg/mL Mitotic aberrations, centrosome fragmentation and chromosome abnormalities [75]
3. MWCNTs, lengths of 3.86 µm and width of 49 ± 13.4 nm SAEC and HMVEC lung microvascular cells (in vitro), male C57BL/6J mice (in vivo) 1.2 µg/mL (in vitro), 10, 20, 40, or 80 µg, pharyngeal aspiration (in vivo) Occurrence of a set of concordant genes and signalling pathways related to lung inflammation and fibrosis [76]
4. MWCNTs, 11.3 nm in diameter and 0.7 µm in length Female Wistar rats 2 mg/rat, intratracheal Formation of micronucleated pneumocytes [77]
5. Laboratory-aged MWCNTs, 1 to 12 µm long, 13 to 18 nm wide pSAECs 0.06 μg/cm2 Cells developed neoplastic behaviour with improved invasive and migratory properties [78]
6. MWCNTs, 70–110 nm in size, 2 µm long Male ICR mice 0.2 mg/mice, intratracheal

  1. Decrease in body weight, Macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration around alveoli and bronchi,

  2. Upsurge in mutant frequencies and oncogenic factors

  3. Occurrence of DNA adducts

 [79]
7. MWCNTs, 11.3 nm in diameter and 0.7 µm in length Female Wistar rats 2 mg/rat, intratracheal Formation of micronucleated pneumocytes
8. MWCNTs, diameters of 76.49 ± 31.14 nm, lengths of 8.79 ± 4.41 µm Rats 0.5 mg/ rat, intratracheal-intrapulmonary spraying Increases in pulmonary collagen, PCNA index and chemotactic proteins such as CCL2 and CCL3 [80]
9. MWCNTs, lengths of 5 μm and diameters of 3 μm Male Wistar rats 1 x 109 or 5 x 109, intraperitoneal Significant mortality, blood-fluid rich ascites and tumor nodules in diaphragm, liver and pancreas [81]
10. SWCNTs, diameter of 1 to 4 nm and lengths of 0.5 to 1 μm Human primary small airway epithelial cells (pSAECs) and BEAS-2B cells 0.024 μg SWCNT/cm2 Formation of multipolar mitotic spindles [82]
11. SWCNTs, diameters of 20–40 nm, and lengths of 1–5 μm Human lymphocytes 25 μL/mL Formation of micronuclei [84]