Figure 2.

Schematic approaches for the development of different types of antibodies. (A) Polyclonal antibodies production; the methods’ steps include: (1) immunization of animals with an antigen to trigger immune response; (2) blood collection from immunized animals; (3) serum isolation; (4) antibody purification; (5) evaluation of the affinity of antibodies against antigen by immunoassay. (B) Monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma technique; the methods’ steps include: (1) immunization of animals with an antigen to trigger immune response; (2) isolation of antibody-producing cells from the mouse spleen; (3) fusion of B cells with myeloma cells to produce hybridoma cells; (4) screening and selection of high affinity antibody produced by hybridoma cells; (5) evaluation of the specificity of selected antibodies against antigen by immunoassay. (C) Recombinant antibody production by phage display technology; the methods’ steps include: (1) amplification of library; (2) exposure of the library to a surface coated with specific antigen; (3) elution of bound phages and their application for a new selection round; (4) screening of positive phage clones by ELISA after 3–5 rounds of biopanning; (5) selection of specific phages and their expression; (6) evaluation of the specificity of selected antibodies against antigen by immunoassay.