Table 3.

Recombinant antibodies derived from phage display libraries against Clostridioides difficile.

Target	Antibody format	Antibody origin	Application	References
TcdB	scFv	Human	ELISA	Deng et al. (2003)
FliC, FliD	scFv	Human	ELISA, WB, in vitro assay	Shirvan and Aitken (2016)
SLP	sdAb	Llama	ELISA, WB, in vitro assay	Kandalaft et al. (2015)
TcdA	sdAb	Llama	ELISA, WB, in vitro neutralization	Hussack et al. (2011)
TcdA, TcdB	sdAb, bispecific	Alpaca	ELISA, in vitro assay, in vivo protection	Yang et al. (2014)
TcdB	scFv-Fc	Human	in vitro neutralization	Chung et al. (2018)
Binary CDT toxin	sdAb, sdAb-Fc	Llama	ELISA, IF	Unger et al. (2015)

TcdA, toxin A; TcdB, toxin B; SLP, surface-layer protein; scFv, single-chain fragment variable; sdAb, single-domain antibodies; Fc, fragment crystallizable region; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays; WB, western blot; IF, immuno fluorescence microscopy.