TABLE 3.

Stratified analyses of the associations (hazard ratios, 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) between serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations and all-cause mortality among diabetes in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

	Serum MMA concentrations, nmol/L
	<120	120–175	175–250	≥250	P-trend
Age, years*
≤60	1.000 (ref.)	1.543 (0.763–3.121)	1.149 (0.418–3.158)	3.331 (1.206–9.198)	0.118
>60	1.000 (ref.)	1.240 (0.782–1.967)	2.186 (1.317–3.627)	2.186 (1.636–4.398)	0.000
Sex*
Male	1.000 (ref.)	1.258 (0.803–1.973)	1.561 (0.915–2.662)	1.901 (1.102–3.277)	0.119
Female	1.000 (ref.)	1.013 (0.481–2.133)	2.030 (0.857–4.806)	3.154 (1.434–6.935)	0.004
Race/ethnicity*
White	1.000 (ref.)	1.378 (0.868–2.185)	1.787 (1.054–3.030)	2.385 (1.440–3.951)	0.004
Non-White	1.000 (ref.)	1.060 (0.514–2.186)	2.031 (0.900–4.579)	2.513 (0.860–7.344)	0.173
BMI, kg/m2*
<30	1.000 (ref.)	1.361 (0.823–2.249)	1.523 (0.825–2.812)	3.141 (1.754–5.623)	0.001
≥30	1.000 (ref.)	1.179 (0.636–2.187	1.901 (0.957–3.776	1.744 (0.874–3.481)	0.194
Current smoker*
Yes	1.000 (ref.)	1.465 (0.940–2.283)	2.314 (1.351–3.963)	4.812 (3.045–7.604)	0.000
No	1.000 (ref.)	2.136 (1.672–2.727)	3.610 (2.800–4.656)	6.089 (4.778–7.758)	0.000
Vitamin B12, pmol/L*
<400	1.000 (ref.)	1.304 (0.756–2.249)	1.551 (0.756–2.895)	1.921 (1.053–3.506)	0.168
≥400	1.000 (ref.)	1.240 (0.714–2.152)	1.785 (0.915–3.481)	3.191 (1.606–6.340)	0.008
Physical activity*
Vigorous or Moderate activity	1.000 (ref.)	1.121 (0.638–1.971)	1.231 (0.591–2.565)	1.937 (1.012–3.707)	0.187
Inactive	1.000 (ref.)	1.438 (0.858–2.410)	2.165 (1.214–3.862)	2.620 (1.449–4.739)	0.007

*HRs (95% CI) were assessed using weighted Cox proportional regression fully adjusted except for stratification factor.